Electronics Tools
Browse all available electronics tools.
Available tools
- A-Weighted SNR dB Compute A-weighted signal-to-noise ratio snrADb = 20 * log10(signalVrms / noiseFloorVrms) + aWeightCorrectionDb, with the correction defaulting to zero.
- Ac Motor Reactive Power Calculate positive reactive-power magnitude for a balanced three-phase motor from line voltage, line current, and power factor.
- Ac Motor Reactive Power Practice Create reproducible practice for Ac Motor Reactive Power from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Accelerometer Noise Density Infer white accelerometer noise density from measured RMS noise and equivalent noise bandwidth; colored noise needs spectral analysis.
- Accelerometer Noise Density Practice Create reproducible practice for Accelerometer Noise Density from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Accelerometer Voltage Output Calculate linear analog accelerometer voltage from zero-g voltage, sensitivity in volts per g, and signed acceleration in g.
- Accelerometer Voltage Output Practice Create reproducible practice for Accelerometer Voltage Output from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ADC Aperture Jitter Snr Limit Estimate the aperture-jitter-limited SNR for a sinusoidal ADC input as −20 log10(2πfinput tjitter); this is only the jitter contribution.
- ADC Aperture Jitter Snr Limit Practice Create reproducible practice for ADC Aperture Jitter Snr Limit from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ADC LSB Voltage Calculate one ideal ADC code width as full-scale input span divided by 2^N. Full-scale span is the high-to-low range, not necessarily the reference voltage for every ADC topology.
- ADC LSB Voltage Practice Create reproducible practice for ADC LSB Voltage from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ADC Quantization Error Bound Calculate the ideal rounding quantizer's maximum absolute error as half an ADC LSB. Assumes a uniform quantizer and input within the conversion range; offset, gain, and noise errors are excluded.
- ADC Quantization Error Bound Practice Create reproducible practice for ADC Quantization Error Bound from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ADC Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Compute SFDR in dBc as 20log₁₀(fundamental RMS amplitude/largest spur RMS amplitude), excluding DC. Use amplitudes measured in the same unit from one spectrum.
- ADC Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Practice Create reproducible practice for ADC Spurious-Free Dynamic Range from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ADC Total Harmonic Distortion Calculate THD from RMS harmonic amplitudes relative to the fundamental: sqrt(sum of harmonic squares)/fundamental. Output is percent and dBc; include only the harmonics specified by the measurement method, excluding noise and DC.
- Admittance Magnitude Calculate the magnitude of admittance from conductance and susceptance.
- Admittance Magnitude Practice Create reproducible practice for Admittance Magnitude from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Ah From Coulombs Convert charge in coulombs to battery capacity in amp-hours.
- Ah from Coulombs Practice Create reproducible practice for Ah from Coulombs from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Alias Frequency Calculate the aliased frequency produced by sampling a signal above the Nyquist limit.
- Alias Frequency Practice Create reproducible practice for Alias Frequency from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Antenna Efficiency % Compute antenna efficiency as radiation resistance over total resistance, expressed as a percentage.
- Antenna Front To Back Ratio Directional front-to-back radiation ratio from same-distance power measurements in the two directions.
- Antenna Half Power Beamwidth Angular separation of the two −3 dB pattern crossings around one antenna main lobe.
- Antenna Polarization Loss Ideal linear-polarization mismatch loss from the relative angle between transmit and receive polarization axes.
- Antenna Rad Efficiency 2 Infer antenna radiation efficiency in percent from measured gain and directivity via efficiencyPercent = 10^((gainDbi - directivityDbi) / 10) * 100.
- Antenna Radiation Efficiency Calculate radiation efficiency as radiated power divided by accepted power ×100. Mismatch loss before power is accepted at the antenna port is not included.
- Antenna Sidelobe Level Sidelobe level relative to the main-lobe peak from linear same-reference power measurements.
- Antenna VSWR Bandwidth Fractional bandwidth between measured lower and upper frequencies that both meet a chosen VSWR limit.
- APD Excess Noise Factor Calculate electron-injection APD excess noise factor from gain and ionization-rate ratio using the McIntyre uniform-field model.
- APD Gain Calculate avalanche photodiode current multiplication from multiplied photocurrent and unity-gain primary photocurrent after dark-current subtraction.
- Apparent Power VA Calculate apparent power in volt-amperes from RMS voltage and RMS current.
- Audio Compressor Threshold Recover the static compressor threshold from one above-threshold input/output level pair and a known compression ratio R:1.
- Audio Crossover Phase Calculator First order low pass crossover signed phase−atan(f/fc) degrees, not arbitrary Linkwitz–Riley/acoustic phase or infer filter order. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- Audio Crossover Slope Find signed filter attenuation slope in dB per octave between two measured frequencies; nonlinear transitions need more points.
- Audio Equalizer Center Frequency Geometric center frequency of a band bounded by lower and upper −3 dB frequencies.
- Audio Equalizer Q Calculate equalizer center-frequency Q from measured lower and upper half-power frequencies.
- Audio Expander Ratio Audio expander ratio from input-level and output-level changes below threshold, both measured in dB.
- Audio Limiter Attack Time First-order limiter envelope attack time constant from observed 10% and 90% response-crossing times.
- Audio Reverb Decay Sabine T60 estimate for a diffuse room from volume and equivalent absorption area in metric units.
- Average Rectified Voltage Calculate the average rectified voltage of a sinusoid from its peak voltage.
- Bandwidth From GBW Calculate bandwidth from a gain-bandwidth product.
- Bandwidth From Q Calculate the bandwidth of a resonant circuit from its resonant frequency and quality factor.
- Base Resistor Value Compute the base resistor value in ohms for a bipolar junction transistor from the control voltage, base-emitter voltage, and base current.
- Bathtub Failure Rate Model Evaluate a simple bathtub-shaped hazard model: early exponential decay plus constant random-failure rate plus a Weibull wear-out term. All time parameters use the same unit; this is an illustrative model that requires fitted coefficients.
- Battery Calendar Aging Calculator Read observed matched storage-only capacity-aging curve within age range; no invented chemistry/calendar square-root law, extrapolated life or separating cycling losses without independent evidence.
- Battery Capacity At Temperature Linear local estimate of available battery capacity using a measured fractional temperature coefficient; not valid beyond the calibrated range.
- Battery Capacity Fade Calculate capacity loss as a percentage of initial battery capacity, using measurements at comparable discharge rate and temperature.
- Battery Charging Efficiency Energy efficiency of a charge cycle from measured energy stored and energy drawn from the charger.
- Battery Cycle Count Estimate Estimate full-equivalent battery cycles from total absolute charge-plus-discharge throughput divided by twice the rated ampere-hour capacity.
- Battery Discharge Rate C Battery discharge C-rate from current and rated ampere-hour capacity.
- Battery Impedance Spectroscopy Calculator Reduce matched measured battery AC voltage/current spectra to signed complex Z and Nyquist −Im(Z), not equivalent-circuit fitting or SOH inference; same amplitude convention and linear stationary perturbation applicability caller supplied.
- Battery Internal Impedance Estimate DC battery internal resistance from the voltage drop between two load-current operating points measured over a short interval.
- Battery Life Calculator Estimate battery runtime from rated charge capacity and constant load current: hours = mAh / mA. Real-world derating (Peukert effect, temperature, cutoff voltage) is not modeled.
- Battery Remaining Capacity Calculate remaining battery charge in ampere-hours from measured full-charge capacity and state of charge percentage.
- Battery Runtime Hours Compute battery runtime in hours as capacity in ampere-hours divided by load current in amperes.
- Battery Self Discharge Per Month Calculate one-month battery self-discharge percentage from stored charge before and after an approximately one-month rest; exclude external loads.
- Battery State Of Health Calculate battery state of health as measured full-charge capacity divided by rated new capacity, expressed as a percentage; values over 100% can be valid measurements.
- Battery Stored Energy Calculator Convert a battery charge rating into stored energy, Wh = V * Ah, so packs of different voltages can be compared on equal footing.
- Beamwidth Approx Approximate the parabolic dish half-power beamwidth in degrees as 70 x lambda / D; wavelength and dish diameter must be positive.
- Beamwidth Approx Practice Create reproducible practice for Beamwidth Approx from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Beamwidth From Diameter Approximate parabolic dish half-power beamwidth in degrees as bwDegrees = 70 * wavelengthMeters / dishDiameterMeters.
- Bit Error Rate From Snr Calculator Explicit coherentBPSKAWGNBER=.5erfc(√Eb/N0), bit-energy signal to noise linear not arbitrary SNR or other modulation/fading. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- BJT Base Current Calculate BJT base current.
- BJT Collector Current Calculate BJT collector current.
- BJT Early Voltage Effect Estimate collector current at a new collector-emitter voltage using the linear Early-effect model at fixed base drive.
- BJT Emitter Current Calculate BJT emitter current.
- BJT Output Resistance Estimate small-signal BJT output resistance from Early voltage magnitude, bias VCE, and collector current at that bias.
- Boost Duty Cycle Compute the ideal boost converter duty cycle percent as (1 - Vin/Vout) x 100.
- Bootstrap Capacitor Size the bootstrap capacitor with the documented rule C >= 10 x Qg / dV, returned in microfarads.
- Brickwall Correction Factor Compute the brickwall equivalent-noise-bandwidth correction factor pi / 2 for a single-pole rolloff.
- Bridge Balance Check Check whether a Wheatstone bridge with four resistive arms is balanced.
- Bridge Output Voltage Compute the signed differential output voltage of a Wheatstone bridge.
- Brushless Motor Kv To Kt Convert a brushless motor speed constant in RPM per volt to ideal torque constant in newton-meters per ampere using 60/(2πKv); winding and measurement conventions must match.
- Brushless Motor Propeller Thrust Static propeller thrust from a supplied thrust coefficient, air density, rev/s and diameter; coefficient must match the propeller and operating point.
- Buck Duty Cycle Calculate ideal buck converter duty cycle.
- Buck Ripple Current Compute buck converter inductor peak-to-peak ripple current as (Vin - Vout) x D / (L x f).
- Buck-Boost Duty Compute the inverting buck-boost duty cycle percent as |Vout| / (Vin + |Vout|) x 100.
- Bus Utilization Calculate percent of an observation interval during which a bus was busy. Busy and total duration must use the same unit; utilization does not by itself reveal useful payload throughput.
- BW From Rise Time Compute the Gaussian rule bandwidth as 350 / rise time in nanoseconds giving MHz.
- C/N Ratio dB Compute the carrier-to-noise ratio in decibels as the carrier power minus the noise power, both in dBm.
- CAN Bit Rate from Cable Delay Estimate a CAN bit-rate ceiling using cable length, one-way propagation delay per metre, transceiver delay, and the permitted propagation fraction of a bit. This is a timing-budget estimate, not a substitute for bit-timing analysis.
- CAN Bus Load Percentage Calculate measured CAN bus utilization from total transmitted on-wire bits, link bit rate, and observation duration; bit stuffing must already be counted.
- CAN Termination Check Compute the effective CAN bus termination resistance from the number of 120 ohm terminators (one or two).
- Capacitive PCB Crosstalk Voltage Estimate peak victim-node voltage from an aggressor voltage step using a capacitive divider: Vv=Va·Cc/(Cc+Cv). This lumped capacitive model excludes inductive coupling, termination, rise time, and transmission-line behavior.
- Capacitive Reactance Calculator Compute capacitive reactance XC = 1 / (2 * pi * f * C), which shrinks as frequency or capacitance grows.
- Capacitive Susceptance Calculate the capacitive susceptance of a capacitor at a given frequency.
- Capacitor Arrhenius Lifetime Estimate Scale a reference lifetime to another absolute temperature with an activation-energy Arrhenius factor, L=Lref exp[Ea/k(1/Tuse−1/Tref)]. Supply a component-specific Ea; voltage stress and other ageing mechanisms are excluded.
- Capacitor Color Code Decode a three-band capacitor color code into capacitance in nanofarads.
- Capacitor Dissipation Factor Vs Frequency Loss tangent of a series-ESR capacitor at a specified frequency; excludes dielectric frequency dispersion.
- Capacitor Energy Calculator Compute the energy stored in a charged capacitor, E = 0.5 * C * V^2; doubling the charge voltage quadruples the stored energy.
- Capacitor Energy Density Compute the electric energy density of a capacitor in millijoules per cubic centimeter from E = 0.5 * C * V^2 and a volume in milliliters, where one milliliter equals one cubic centimeter.
- Capacitor SRF Compute the self-resonant frequency of a capacitor from its equivalent series inductance and capacitance.
- Capacitor Temperature-Coefficient Drift Estimate capacitance change from a linear ppm/°C coefficient and temperature difference. Many ceramic dielectric classes are nonlinear, so this model should only be used where a linear tempco is specified.
- Capacity From Energy Convert stored energy in watt-hours to amp-hour capacity at a nominal pack voltage.
- Capacity From Runtime Compute required battery capacity in ampere-hours as load current multiplied by runtime hours.
- Cdr Jitter Tolerance Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Cdr Jitter Tolerance Calculator. Actual independently applicable CDR jitter amplitude/frequency/waveform/BER target under actual protocol and independently measured tolerance curve. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- Charge Current C-Rate Compute a safe constant-current charge rate for a battery from its capacity and a C-rate multiple.
- Charge on Capacitor Calculator Compute the RC charging curve q(t) = C * V * (1 - e^(-t / (R * C))) for a capacitor charged through a resistor from a fixed supply.
- Charger Efficiency Calculate charger energy efficiency as delivered battery energy divided by input energy over the same charging interval, expressed as a percentage.
- Charging Time Hours Estimate the hours needed to fully charge a battery at a constant current, including a documented 1.2 inefficiency factor that accounts for taper and losses.
- Chopper Amplifier Offset Input-referred residual DC offset of a chopper amplifier from its zero-input output offset and closed-loop voltage gain.
- Circuit Breaker Trip Time Calculator Read actual caller breaker time-current envelope using log-log interpolation only inside supplied observed/rated curve; no invented trip family, fault clearing guarantee, certified protection coordination or conducting a test.
- CMOS Thresholds Compute CMOS logic level thresholds at a supply voltage: VIH min = 0.7 x Vdd and VIL max = 0.3 x Vdd.
- CMRR dB Compute the common-mode rejection ratio in decibels as 20 x log10(differential gain / common mode gain).
- CMRR Linear Compute the linear common-mode rejection ratio as Adiff / Acm; the common-mode gain must not be zero.
- Coax C Per Meter Compute coaxial cable capacitance per meter as 24.1 x er / ln(d_outer/d_inner) with diameters in matching units.
- Coax L Per Meter Compute coaxial cable inductance per meter as 200 x ln(d_outer/d_inner) nH/m from the loop inductance mu_0/2pi x ln(b/a).
- Collector Resistor Value Compute the collector resistor value in ohms for a bipolar junction transistor from the supply voltage, saturation voltage, and collector current.
- Colpitts Frequency Compute the Colpitts tank frequency f = 1 / (2 * pi * sqrt(L * C1 * C2 / (C1 + C2))).
- Common Mode Filter Attenuation Estimate common-mode series-filter insertion loss into a resistive load from measured complex common-mode impedance at the selected frequency; source impedance is assumed zero.
- Common Mode Voltage Compute the common mode input voltage as the average of V+ and V-.
- Common-Mode Choke Impedance Estimate one winding's series RL impedance magnitude at frequency f as √[R²+(2πfL)²]. Enter the effective common-mode inductance and resistance at the operating point; real choke impedance also includes core loss, capacitance, and self-resonance.
- Comparator Hysteresis Band Comparator hysteresis-band width between upper and lower switching thresholds.
- Comparator Hysteresis Width Compute comparator hysteresis from the output swing and the positive-feedback divider: width = output swing x Rreference / (Rfeedback + Rreference).
- Comparator Input Offset Voltage Measure signed comparator input offset as the observed switching input voltage minus the nominal reference voltage.
- Complex Power Magnitude Calculate the magnitude of complex power from real and reactive power.
- Conductance From R Calculate conductance as the reciprocal of resistance.
- Conduction Loss Compute MOSFET conduction loss as the square of RMS drain current times RDS(on).
- Conductivity From Resistivity Compute electrical conductivity in siemens per meter as the reciprocal of resistivity.
- Contactor Coil Current Calculate DC contactor-coil steady current from applied voltage and DC coil resistance; do not use this for AC inrush or inductive impedance.
- Contactor Operate Time Observed contactor operate delay from coil energization to completed contact closure.
- Copper Loss Compute resistive winding or conductor loss as I²R from RMS current and resistance at the relevant operating temperature. Output is watts; AC skin and proximity effects are not included unless already reflected in the supplied resistance.
- Core Area Product Compute transformer core area product in cm^4 as (VA x 1e4) / (Kh x f x J x Kw x Bw); defaults Kh = 0.014, J = 400 A/cm^2, Kw = 0.4, Bw = 0.2 T.
- Core Flux Density Estimate the peak core flux density in tesla with the transformer equation B = V * 10^4 / (4.44 * f * A * N) using a core area in square centimeters.
- Coulombs From Ah Convert battery charge in amp-hours to coulombs.
- Coupling Coefficient Calculate the coupling coefficient of two coupled inductors.
- CPW Impedance Approx Approximate coplanar waveguide impedance as (60 / sqrt(er_eff)) x ln(4 x a / b) with a = w/2 + gap and b = w/2; er_eff defaults to 4.
- Crest Factor Calculate the crest factor of a waveform from its peak and RMS voltages.
- Crossover Frequency Compute first-order crossover corner frequency fcHz = 1 / (2 * pi * zohmsOhms * capacitanceUf * 1e-6).
- Crosstalk Coefficient Compute crosstalk in decibels as 20 x log10(coupled voltage / aggressor voltage).
- Crosstalk Far End Voltage Estimate far-end crosstalk voltage from a measured or specified dimensionless far-end coupling coefficient and aggressor voltage; this is not a cable-geometry prediction.
- Crosstalk Near End Voltage Estimate near-end crosstalk voltage from a measured or specified dimensionless near-end coupling coefficient and aggressor voltage; this is not a cable-geometry prediction.
- Crystal Aging Frequency Change Calculate signed measured frequency change in ppm relative to the initial frequency: 1e6 × (aged − initial) / initial. Measurements must use the same conditions; this does not predict an aging curve.
- Crystal Drive Level Compute crystal motional-branch dissipation from measured RMS motional current and motional series resistance.
- Crystal Load Caps Parallel Compute the external capacitor value required at each of the two crystal pins to meet a specified load capacitance.
- Crystal Motional Capacitance Infer motional capacitance of a Butterworth–Van Dyke crystal model from series and unloaded antiresonance frequencies plus shunt capacitance.
- Crystal Motional Inductance Calculate motional inductance from a crystal's series-resonant frequency and motional capacitance.
- Crystal Oscillator Negative Resistance Calculator Declared idealPierce small signal negative resistance−gm/(ω²C1C2), transistor/parasitic limits omitted, no oscillation startup safety inferred. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- Crystal PPM Error Compute the signed frequency error of a crystal oscillator in parts per million.
- Crystal Quality Factor Calculate a crystal motional branch's unloaded series Q from series frequency, motional inductance, and series resistance.
- Crystal Series Resistance Infer crystal motional series resistance from series frequency, motional capacitance, and unloaded series quality factor.
- Crystal Tolerance Window Convert a crystal or oscillator tolerance in parts per million into an absolute frequency window in hertz.
- Ctle Peaking Calculator Evaluate explicit normalized single-zero/two-pole CTLE small-signal transfer at actual caller frequencies relative to DC, not a universal equalizer setting or eye/BER guarantee.
- CTR Percent Compute the current transfer ratio of an optocoupler from LED forward current and collector current.
- Ćuk Duty Cycle Compute the inverting Ćuk converter duty cycle percent as |Vout| / (|Vout| + Vin) x 100 using magnitudes.
- Current Divider Calculator Compute the current through one branch of two parallel resistances: Ix = It * Rother / (Rx + Rother); the lower-resistance branch carries more current.
- Current From Power Rating Compute the maximum safe continuous current in milliamps through a resistor from its power rating and resistance using I = sqrt(P/R).
- Current Gain Linear Compute the linear current gain as the ratio of output to input current.
- Current Ratio Compute the transformer secondary current from the primary current and winding turns.
- Current Sensor Output Voltage Calculate linear current-sensor output voltage from zero-current offset, volts-per-ampere sensitivity, and signed current.
- Current Shunt Amplifier Gain Voltage gain of a current-shunt amplifier from output swing and measured shunt input swing.
- DAC DNL LSB Express differential nonlinearity in least-significant-bit units as dnlLsb = (actualStepVolts - idealStepVolts) / idealStepVolts.
- DAC Glitch Energy Estimate actual energy dissipated in a resistive load by a rectangular DAC glitch pulse as V²t/R; datasheet glitch impulse in volt-seconds is a different quantity.
- DAC INL LSB Express integral nonlinearity in least-significant-bit counts as inlLsb = maxDeviationVolts / lsbSizeVolts.
- Damping Factor Compute the RLC series damping ratio zeta from resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
- Darlington Beta Compute the Darlington pair current gain as the product of the two transistor betas.
- dBm To Watts Convert an absolute power level in dBm to watts.
- dBmV To Volts Convert a signal level in dBmV to volts using the 0 dBmV reference of 1 mV.
- dBu To Volts Convert a signal level in dBu to volts RMS using the 0 dBu reference of 0.7746 V.
- dBV To Volts Convert a signal level in dBV to volts RMS using the 0 dBV reference of 1 V.
- dBW To Watts Convert an absolute power level in dBW to watts.
- Dc Motor Armature Current Calculate DC motor armature current from applied voltage, back EMF, and winding resistance using the steady-state armature equation.
- De Emphasis Db Express reduction from reference amplitude to de-emphasized amplitude as a positive voltage attenuation in decibels.
- Decap Impedance Compute the ideal impedance magnitude of a decoupling capacitor as Z = 1/(2 x pi x f x C), expressed in milliohms.
- Decap Resonance Compute the resonant frequency in megahertz of a decoupling capacitor from its mounted series inductance in nanohenries and capacitance in nanofarads.
- Decibel Power Ratio Calculator Compute a power ratio in decibels, dB = 10 * log10(P2 / P1); a tenfold power increase is +10 dB.
- Decibel Voltage Ratio Calculator Compute an amplitude ratio in decibels across equal impedances, dB = 20 * log10(V2 / V1); a tenfold voltage increase is +20 dB.
- Decoupling Cap Value Compute the decoupling capacitance C = I x dt / dV needed to supply a transient current for a droop time within an allowed droop voltage.
- Delta To Wye R1 Convert a delta network to its equivalent wye network and return the R1 arm.
- Depth Of Discharge % Compute the depth of discharge of a battery from discharged and full capacity.
- Detector Detectivity Specific detectivity D* from detector active area and NEP expressed per square-root hertz.
- Detector Noise Equivalent Power Detector noise-equivalent optical power for 1 Hz bandwidth from input-referred current-noise density and responsivity.
- Detector Quantum Efficiency Photon-to-electron quantum efficiency from counted collected electrons and incident photons.
- Detector Responsivity Vs Wavelength Ideal photodetector responsivity from external quantum efficiency and incident wavelength.
- Dfe Tap Weight Calculator Derive ideal additive DFE cancellation tap weights from measured main/postcursors under caller weight bound; assumes correct past decisions and excludes error propagation, tap quantization or adaptation.
- Diacs Breakover Voltage Calculator Extract two observed DIAC sweep thresholds from caller current criterion and compare directional asymmetry; threshold evidence not an ideal device knee model, unsafe test instructions or a universal DB3 voltage.
- Diff Amp Gain Compute the op-amp difference amplifier gain as Rf / Rin.
- Differential Input Voltage Compute the signed differential input voltage as V+ minus V-.
- Differential Mode Filter Attenuation Estimate differential-mode series-filter insertion loss into a resistive load from measured complex differential-mode impedance at the selected frequency; source impedance is assumed zero.
- Differential Z Approx Approximate edge-coupled differential impedance as 2 x z0 x (1 - 0.48 x exp(-0.96 x s / h)).
- Differentiator Step Peak Compute the practical RC differentiator step peak as -Vin x tau / (tau + t_step), where the theoretical ideal peak is unbounded for an instantaneous step.
- Diode Conduction Loss Compute diode conduction loss as forward voltage times average forward current.
- Diode Dynamic Resistance Calculate diode small-signal dynamic resistance.
- Direct Digital Synthesis Frequency DDS output frequency from an integer tuning word, system clock and phase accumulator bit width.
- Directivity From Gain Recover antenna directivity as directivityDbi = gainDbi - 10 * log10(efficiencyFraction), with efficiency defaulting to 0.6.
- Discharge Depth Percent Compute the depth of discharge of a battery from the charge drawn and its rated capacity.
- Dispersion Delay Compute the chromatic-dispersion pulse spread of an optical fiber link.
- Display Backlight Current Calculate average backlight supply current from measured electrical power and supply voltage.
- Display Brightness Nits Average luminance of an ideal Lambertian emitter from luminous flux and emitting surface area.
- Display Contrast Ratio On/off display contrast ratio from white and black luminance measured under the same conditions.
- Display Pixel Density Calculate diagonal pixels per inch from horizontal and vertical pixel counts and visible diagonal size.
- Display Refresh Power Estimate only the dynamic energy-per-frame component of display power from measured refresh energy and refresh rate.
- Dissipation Factor Compute the dissipation factor of a capacitor as ESR divided by reactance.
- Duty From Pulse Width Compute the duty cycle percent as pulse width / period x 100.
- Dynamic Range dB Compute the dynamic range in decibels as the maximum signal level minus the noise floor, both in dBm.
- Earphone Impedance Magnitude of earphone electrical impedance from RMS voltage and RMS current at the same sinusoidal test frequency.
- Edfa Noise Figure Calculator Declared EDFA F=[Pase/(hνB)+1]/G and noise figure10log10(F) dB for output ASE BOTH polarizations, actual linear gain≥1 and complete matched bandwidth. Require consistent F≥1; not generic dB converter, one-polarization ASE or infer noise spectrum. Parameters independently calibrated; not manufacturer performance or safe design approval.
- Effective Aperture Compute the antenna effective aperture in square meters as Ae = lambda^2 x G / (4 x pi); wavelength and linear gain must be positive.
- Effective Length Dipole Compute the effective length of a half-wave dipole as lambda divided by pi.
- Efficiency Percent Compute the percentage efficiency of a power conversion from output over input power.
- EIA-96 Decode Decode a two-digit EIA-96 base value plus multiplier letter into resistance in ohms.
- EIRP Calculator Calculate effective isotropic radiated power from transmitter power, antenna gain, and cable loss.
- Electrical Derating Margin Calculate remaining fraction of a component rating as 1−applied/rated, and its percentage. A negative result indicates the applied stress exceeds the selected rating.
- Electrical Power In Compute electrical input power in watts from supply voltage times current draw.
- EMI Capacitor Reactance Calculate the magnitude of ideal capacitor reactance 1/(2πfC) from positive frequency and capacitance, ignoring ESR and parasitics.
- EMI Filter Cutoff Compute the cutoff frequency in kilohertz of an LC EMI filter from its inductance and capacitance using SI units.
- EMI Inductor Reactance Calculate ideal inductor reactance 2πfL from frequency and inductance, ignoring winding resistance and self-resonance.
- EMI Shielding Effectiveness dB Estimate electromagnetic shielding effectiveness from incident and transmitted electric-field amplitudes using 20 log10(Ein/Eout); both must use the same units.
- Emitter Resistor Value Compute the emitter resistor value in ohms from the emitter voltage and emitter current.
- ENOB From SINAD Convert SINAD to effective number of bits as enobBits = (sinadDb - 1.76) / 6.02.
- ENOB from SINAD Practice Create reproducible practice for ENOB from SINAD from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- ENOB From SNR Estimate the effective number of bits of a converter from a measured signal-to-noise ratio.
- Equalizer Boost Db Convert an equalizer's high-frequency-to-reference voltage gain ratio to decibels; both gains must use the same amplitude convention.
- Esd Clamping Voltage Estimate ESD protection clamping voltage with a fitted dynamic-resistance model V=Vbr+I Rd; use device pulse-current data for the chosen waveform.
- ESD Human Body Model Current Estimate idealized HBM short-circuit peak current from charging voltage and the 1500-ohm series resistor; not a substitute for a JS-001 waveform test.
- Esd Machine Model Current Calculator Loss less LC machine-model firstcurrentpeakV√(C/L), not HBMV/1500ohmsor a waveform standard. Explicitly zero damping idealization; test fixture compliance external. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- ESR From Dissipation Factor Compute equivalent series resistance as dissipation factor / (2 x PI x frequency x capacitance).
- ESR From Q Derive the equivalent series resistance of a component from its reactance and quality factor.
- ESR Limit For Ripple Compute the maximum output capacitor ESR in milliohms that keeps ripple-induced ripple voltage within budget as ripple millivolts over ripple amperes.
- ESR Power Loss Compute capacitor ESR power dissipation as RMS ripple current squared times equivalent series resistance.
- Ethernet Cable Propagation Delay Estimate one-way signal propagation delay from cable length and velocity factor relative to light speed. Actual velocity factor depends on cable construction; this does not include switch or PHY latency.
- Ethernet Frame Overhead Calculate Ethernet overhead percentage from payload, frame-header, FCS, preamble, and interframe-gap byte-equivalent counts.
- Ethernet Turns Ratio Compute the transformer turns ratio of Ethernet magnetics from the line-side and port-side impedances as the square root of their ratio.
- Eye Closure Penalty Calculator Audit actual eye-opening loss versus measured reference in voltage/UI and amplitude-equivalent dB; negative closure/improvement retained, not optical power penalty, calibrated BER or receiver margin.
- Eye Height Estimate Find the vertical eye opening at the sampling instant as the minimum high level minus the maximum low level; a negative value means overlapping level distributions.
- Eye Width Estimate Find the horizontal eye opening between the latest left crossing and earliest right crossing in one unit interval.
- Factor To Noise Figure Convert a linear noise factor to an equivalent system noise figure in decibels.
- Far Field Boundary Compute the far-field boundary of an aperture as Rf = 2 x D^2 / lambda; aperture size and wavelength must be positive.
- Far Field Boundary 2 Compute the Fraunhofer far-field distance boundaryMeters = 2 * diameterMeters^2 / wavelengthMeters.
- Faraday Induced EMF Compute the induced EMF as negative turns times the rate of change of magnetic flux.
- Ferrite Bead Insertion Loss Estimate small-signal insertion loss for a ferrite bead in series with a resistive load from the bead's resistive and reactive impedance at the selected frequency. The source is assumed ideal; use datasheet impedance at frequency and account for DC-bias effects separately.
- Ferrite Core Area Product Estimate required ferrite core window-area × cross-section from the Magnetics design form WaAc=Pout·Dcma/(Kt·Bmax·f). Enter circular-mils-per-ampere current-density allowance, gauss, hertz, and the topology constant from the same design method; output is cm⁴.
- Ferrite Core Impedance At Frequency Calculator Read measured ferrite complex impedance curve in log-frequency including reactance sign through resonance; not constant RL choke magnitude or ferrite insertion loss, no DC bias extrapolation.
- Ffe Tap Weight Calculator Design bounded finite causal zero-forcing inverse FFE from observed impulse, explicitly exposing truncated residual tail; not DFE feedback, arbitrary precursor/MMSE design or a noise-amplification/BER guarantee.
- Fiber Attenuation Coefficient Average fiber attenuation in decibels per kilometer from launched and received optical power over known length.
- Fiber Attenuation dB Compute the total attenuation of an optical fiber link from its loss coefficient and length.
- Fiber Bend Loss Additional optical bend loss from through-power measurements before and after introducing a bend.
- Fiber Connector Loss Optical insertion loss of a connector from incident and transmitted powers measured with the same reference.
- Fiber Cutoff Wavelength LP11 cutoff wavelength of an ideal weakly guiding step-index fiber, using V=2.405.
- Fiber Nonlinear Phase Shift Estimate self-phase modulation accumulated in a fiber from nonlinear coefficient, launched power, and attenuation-adjusted effective length.
- Fiber Numerical Aperture Numerical aperture of a step-index fiber in air from core and cladding refractive indices.
- Fingerprint Sensor SNR Express a fingerprint sensor's measured RMS image-signal amplitude divided by RMS noise as voltage SNR in decibels.
- Finite-Gain Closed-Loop Error Calculate feedback closed-loop gain A/(1+Aβ) and percent error relative to ideal 1/β. Assumes negative feedback with positive real open-loop gain and feedback factor; frequency dependence is excluded.
- FIT Failure Rate Convert a constant failure rate in failures per hour to FIT (failures per billion device-hours). FIT=λ×10⁹; it is an expected population rate, not a prediction of an individual device's failure date.
- FlexRay Cycle Time Sum configured FlexRay static, dynamic, symbol-window, and network-idle segment durations into one communication cycle.
- Flicker Corner Frequency Compute the flicker noise corner frequency where the 1/f and white noise densities intersect as (flicker density / white density)^2.
- Flux Density Tesla Compute flux density in teslas as magnetic flux in webers divided by area in square meters.
- Flyback Duty Compute the flyback converter duty cycle percent as (Vout x Np/Ns) / (Vout x Np/Ns + Vin) x 100.
- Form Factor Calculate the form factor of a sinusoid as RMS voltage divided by average rectified voltage.
- Forward Duty Cycle Compute the ideal forward-converter duty cycle as Vout / (Vin x Ns/Np) x 100 and reject unattainable ratios above 100 percent; the design's transformer-reset limit must be checked separately.
- FPGA Clock Jitter Allowance Calculate remaining setup-time budget for combined clock jitter after clock period, clock-to-output, combinational path delay, setup time, and skew. Use worst-case values in the same time unit.
- FPGA Hold Time Slack Compute simplified hold slack as minimum clock-to-output plus minimum data-path delay minus hold time and adverse skew. Positive slack meets this model; use actual launch/capture clock paths for sign-off.
- FPGA Setup Time Slack Compute worst-case setup slack as period−clock-to-output−maximum path delay−setup−adverse skew−jitter. Positive slack meets this simplified single-cycle timing constraint.
- Frequency Synthesizer Step Size Frequency increment for an integer-N PLL synthesizer after reference divider R.
- Frequency to Period Calculator Convert a repetitive event rate into its period, T = 1 / f; a 50 hertz mains supply completes one cycle every 20 milliseconds.
- Friis Received Power Calculate received power for a line-of-sight link using the Friis transmission equation.
- Friis Two-Stage NF Combine two cascade noise factors with the Friis formula fTotal = f1 + (f2 - 1) / g1 using linear units.
- FSPL Calculator Calculate free-space path loss in decibels for a link distance and frequency.
- Fuel Gauge SOC From Voltage Estimate fuel-gauge state of charge by linear interpolation between user-supplied empty and full open-circuit voltages; chemistry, load, and temperature can make this inaccurate.
- Fuse Clearing Time Approximate clearing time from a fuse's specified clearing I²t at constant prospective RMS fault current; actual waveform and arc time may differ.
- Fuse Melting Energy Calculator Integrate sampled I² with trapezoids and fixed caller element R to observed Joule energy versus supplied melt-energy screen; not constant-current clearing-time inverse, actual melting temperature, arc clearing or protection coordination.
- Gain dB To Linear Convert an antenna power gain in decibels to a linear power ratio.
- Gain From Aperture Compute the linear antenna gain as G = 4 x pi x A x eta / lambda^2 with aperture efficiency eta between zero and one, defaulting to 0.55.
- GaN HEMT Rds On Tempco Calculate average GaN HEMT on-resistance temperature coefficient as percent change per Celsius degree between two measured temperatures; this is not a local derivative.
- Gas Discharge Tube Holdover Voltage Calculator Audit recovery voltage/follow current against caller GDT holdover rating and explicit waveform applicability; does not predict extinction from sparkover or establish safe surge protection.
- Gas Sensor Resistance Ratio Calculate a resistive gas sensor's dimensionless resistance ratio Rs/R0 from measured sensor and reference resistances; gas concentration needs a separate calibrated curve.
- Gas Sensor Sensitivity Calculate the signed slope of a two-point gas-sensor calibration in output signal per concentration unit.
- Gate Charge Time Compute MOSFET gate charge time in nanoseconds as total gate charge in nC divided by gate drive current in A.
- Gate Peak Current Compute the peak MOSFET gate current as the gate driver voltage divided by the gate resistor.
- GBW Required Calculate the gain-bandwidth product required for a design.
- Gyroscope Bias Instability Calculator Screen observed Allan minimum with caller centered log-slope plateau tolerance and flicker convention factor; candidate only, a symmetric minimum is not proof of flicker noise, no raw-signal Allan estimator or certified gyro bias.
- Gyroscope Voltage Output Calculate linear analog gyroscope voltage from zero-rate voltage, sensitivity in volts per degree per second, and signed angular rate.
- Hall Effect Switch Hysteresis Magnetic hysteresis window between the Hall switch operating and release thresholds.
- Hall Sensor Switch Point Calculator Apply caller unipolar Hall Schmitt thresholds to actual ordered field samples with initial state and transition witnesses; unlike hysteresis-width scalar, tracks state. No bipolar-device inference or switch identification.
- Hall Voltage Compute Hall voltage as (I x B) / (n x e x t) with e the elementary charge.
- Hall Voltage Sensitivity Estimate single-carrier Hall voltage sensitivity V_H/(IB)=1/(nqt) from carrier density and plate thickness. Assumes a simple Hall plate with one carrier type and Hall factor 1.
- Haptic Actuator Force Estimate an actuator proof mass's inertial force magnitude from effective moving mass and acceleration magnitude.
- Haptic Resonant Frequency Undamped natural frequency of a single-degree-of-freedom haptic actuator from effective stiffness and moving mass.
- Hartley Frequency Compute the Hartley tank frequency f = 1 / (2 * pi * sqrt((L1 + L2 + 2M) * C)).
- HDMI TMDS Lane Rate Estimate legacy HDMI TMDS serial bit rate per data lane from pixel clock and channel bit depth; HDMI 2.1 FRL uses a different link model.
- Headphone Impedance Calculate headphone impedance magnitude at a test frequency from RMS terminal voltage and RMS current; phase is not determined.
- Headphone Sensitivity DB Convert headphone sensitivity from dB SPL at 1 mW to dB SPL at 1 V RMS using nominal resistive impedance.
- Heatsink Case To Ambient Resistance Calculate case-to-ambient thermal resistance from measured case and ambient temperatures under steady dissipated power.
- Heatsink Junction To Case Resistance Calculate junction-to-case thermal resistance from junction and case temperatures under steady dissipated power; junction temperature must be no lower than case temperature.
- Holdup Cap Value Compute the capacitance required to hold up a load from the input voltage down to a minimum voltage for a given time at constant power.
- Holdup Time Compute the holdup time of a bulk capacitor from the energy delivered between the input and minimum voltages at a constant load power.
- Humidity Sensor Accuracy Apply a sensor's specified absolute percent-RH accuracy to a measured relative humidity reading; this is not a confidence interval.
- Humidity Sensor Capacitance Calculate a linear humidity sensor's capacitance from its calibrated zero-RH capacitance and sensitivity per percentage point of relative humidity.
- I²C Bus Capacitance Sum device input capacitance and wiring capacitance to estimate total I²C bus capacitance. Use datasheet values and include all connected devices; whether the result meets a limit depends on the I²C mode.
- I2C Pullup Max Compute the maximum I2C pull-up resistance from the bus rise time and total bus capacitance using Rp(max) = trise / (0.8473 x Cb).
- I2C Pullup Min Compute the minimum I2C pull-up resistance from VDD, the maximum output low voltage, and the sink current.
- Ideal ADC SNR Estimate ideal full-scale sine-wave signal-to-quantization-noise ratio as 6.02N+1.76 dB. Oversampling, thermal noise, distortion, and reduced input amplitude are not included.
- Ideal ADC SNR Practice Create reproducible practice for Ideal ADC SNR from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- Ideal Capacitor Impedance Calculate ideal capacitive reactance Xc=−1/(2πfC) and its magnitude in ohms. ESR, ESL, leakage, and self-resonance are not included.
- Ideal DAC Output Voltage Calculate an ideal unipolar DAC code's voltage as Vref×code/2^N. The top code is one LSB below Vref; this does not include offset, gain, or integral nonlinearity.
- IGBT Gate Charge Estimate IGBT gate charge as constant gate-drive current times charging duration; actual current waveforms require integration.
- IGBT Saturation Voltage Estimate IGBT on-state collector-emitter saturation voltage from a calibrated intercept and differential on-resistance.
- IGBT Switching Energy Estimate one hard-switching event's voltage-current overlap energy with linear current and voltage transitions; excludes tail current and parasitics.
- Impedance Magnitude Calculator Compute series RLC impedance magnitude |Z| = sqrt(R^2 + (XL - XC)^2) at a given frequency.
- Impedance Phase Calculate the phase angle of an impedance from reactance and resistance in degrees.
- Impedance Ratio Compute the transformer impedance ratio as the square of the turns ratio.
- InAmp Gain Compute the classic INA128-style instrumentation amplifier gain as 1 + 49400 / Rg.
- Inductive Reactance Calculator Compute inductive reactance XL = 2 * pi * f * L, which grows with frequency and inductance.
- Inductive Susceptance Calculate the negative inductive susceptance of an inductor at a given frequency.
- Inductor Color Code Decode a three-band inductor color code into inductance in microhenries.
- Inductor Core Temperature Rise Estimate inductor core temperature rise from measured core loss and a specified core-to-ambient thermal resistance; does not include winding hot spots.
- Inductor Energy Calculator Compute the energy stored in an inductor carrying current, E = 0.5 * L * I^2.
- Inductor Energy Density Compute the magnetic energy density of an inductor in millijoules per cubic centimeter from E = 0.5 * L * I^2 divided by the core volume.
- Inductor Q at Frequency Calculate series-model inductor quality factor Q=2πfL/R from inductance and effective series resistance at the specified frequency. Core and skin-effect losses should be included in the supplied resistance.
- Inductor Ripple Current Compute switching converter inductor ripple current as (Vin - Vout) x duty / (L x f).
- Inductor SRF Compute the self-resonant frequency of an inductor from its inductance and parasitic winding capacitance.
- Inductor Steinmetz Core Loss Density Estimate magnetic-core loss density with a fitted Steinmetz power law p=k f^α B^β. Units of k must match the selected frequency, peak flux-density, and desired output units; the model applies only over its fitted waveform/range.
- Inductor Temperature-Coefficient Drift Estimate inductance drift with a linear ppm/°C coefficient. Core permeability and DC-bias effects can be nonlinear; use a datasheet coefficient applicable to the temperature range.
- Infrared Distance From Voltage Calculator Interpolate observed infrared sensor voltage on explicit monotone caller branch only; near/far ambiguity, target reflectivity and uncalibrated extrapolation are not guessed.
- Input Cap RMS Current Compute buck converter input capacitor rms current as Iout x sqrt(D x (1 - D)).
- Input Power From Efficiency Derive the required input power from a delivered output power at a given efficiency percentage.
- Input Ripple Voltage Compute buck converter input ripple voltage as Iout x D x (1 - D) / (C x f).
- Inrush With NTC Estimate the peak inrush current of a rectified supply limited by an NTC thermistor in series with the load.
- Instrumentation Amplifier Cmrr Calc Common-mode rejection ratio in decibels from measured differential and common-mode voltage gain magnitudes.
- Integrated Noise µVrms Compute total integrated noise as density x sqrt(bandwidth), expressed in microvolts rms.
- Integrator Ramp Compute the op-amp integrator ramp voltage after a time interval as -(Vin x t) / (R x C).
- Inter Symbol Interference Penalty Express horizontal or vertical eye-opening loss as an equivalent amplitude penalty in decibels using matching eye-opening measurements.
- Internal Resistance Estimate battery internal resistance from open-circuit voltage, loaded voltage, and load current.
- Inverting Op-Amp Gain Compute the ideal closed-loop gain of an inverting op-amp from its resistors.
- IP3 From Two Tones Compute the output third-order intercept point as IP3(dBm) = P(dBm) + (P(dBm) - IM3(dBm)) / 2 from a single tone level and its IM3 product.
- IPC-2221 PCB Trace Current Estimate Estimate PCB trace current with the legacy IPC-2221 empirical equation I=k·ΔT^0.44·A^0.725, with A in square mils and k=0.048 external or 0.024 internal. This is a rough thermal estimate; modern IPC-2152 data and board-specific validation are preferable for design sign-off.
- Jfet Pinch Off Voltage Calculator Invert caller valid saturation-region n-channel Shockley observation for negative pinch-off voltage; not forward transconductance, device universal rating or applicability at cutoff/ohmic operation.
- JFET Transconductance Estimate n-channel JFET transconductance with Shockley's square-law model for gate bias between negative pinch-off and zero.
- Jitter Budget Allocation Find the remaining independent random-jitter RMS allowance by subtracting used RMS jitter in quadrature from a total RMS budget.
- Jitter SNR Limit Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio ceiling imposed by sampling clock aperture jitter.
- Johnson Noise Compute the RMS Johnson-Nyquist noise voltage of a resistor in nanovolts over a measurement bandwidth.
- Junction Temperature Estimate the semiconductor junction temperature from ambient temperature, dissipated power and thermal resistance.
- Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance Infer effective junction-to-ambient thermal resistance as (Tj−Ta)/P for a steady operating point. The value depends on board and airflow conditions and is not necessarily the datasheet test value.
- Laser Divergence Angle Far-field half-angle divergence of an ideal diffraction-limited Gaussian beam from wavelength and waist radius.
- Laser Slope Efficiency Differential optical power per drive-current change above laser threshold.
- Laser Threshold Temperature Empirical laser threshold-current temperature dependence I(T)=Iref exp((T−Tref)/T0).
- Latchup Holding Voltage Calculator Bracket observed latchup holding voltage from actual descending supply/state evidence instead of inventing sub-sample threshold; not a destructive test procedure or chip immunity certification.
- LC Characteristic Impedance Calculate the characteristic impedance of an LC network.
- LDO Dropout Headroom Compute LDO dropout headroom as input minus the sum of output and dropout voltages; negative values indicate insufficient headroom.
- LDO Efficiency Calculate linear regulator efficiency.
- Leakage Current Estimate the leakage current of a capacitor from the applied voltage and its insulation resistance.
- Leakage Inductance Estimate Estimate leakage inductance from the magnetizing inductance and the winding coupling coefficient.
- LED Color Temperature Calculator Restricted McCamyapproximate CCT from actual CIE1931xynearwhite:449n³+3525n²+6823.3n+5520.33, n=(x−.3320)/(.1858−y). Approximation only/not meaningful saturated LED blackbody identity. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- LED Current Resistor Compute the current through an LED in milliamps given the supply voltage, forward voltage, and series resistor.
- LED Efficacy Compute the luminous efficacy of an LED from its luminous flux and electrical power.
- LED Forward Voltage Vs Current Shockley-diode forward voltage estimate from current, saturation current, ideality factor and junction temperature; series resistance omitted.
- LED Luminous Intensity Average luminous intensity in candela from lumens emitted into a known solid angle; assumes uniform angular distribution.
- LED Power Dissipation Compute the power dissipated by an LED from its forward voltage and current.
- LED Series Resistor Calculator Compute the series resistor that sets an LED operating point: R = (Vs - Vf) / I, dissipating the difference between supply and forward voltage.
- LED Viewing Angle Intensity LED off-axis luminous intensity under an empirical cosine-power angular model calibrated by the half-intensity angle.
- Lidar Range Estimate Estimate lidar return range with a simplified link model rangeMeters = linkConstantM * sqrt(peakPowerWatts * reflectivityFraction), where linkConstantM folds geometry, aperture, and detector terms into one calibrated constant (default 1000).
- LIDAR Signal To Noise Detected LiDAR signal-to-noise ratio in decibels from matched-unit RMS signal and noise amplitudes.
- LIN Bus Bit Time Calculate nominal LIN bit duration as 1e6 / bit rate in microseconds, for the documented 1–20 kbit/s range. Frame overhead and clock tolerance are excluded.
- Linear Gain To dB Convert a linear antenna power ratio to an equivalent gain in decibels.
- Linear Power Gain Compute the linear power gain as the ratio of output to input power.
- Linear Voltage Gain Compute the linear voltage gain as the ratio of output to input voltage.
- Link Budget Margin Compute the link margin in decibels as EIRP + receiver gain - path loss - receiver sensitivity.
- Link Margin dB Compute the link margin in dB as EIRP plus receive gain minus free-space path loss minus receiver sensitivity.
- Link Penalty Compute receiver power penalty as impaired minus baseline sensitivity, with both measurements in dBm at the same error-rate target.
- LNA Gain dB Compute low-noise amplifier voltage gain in decibels as 20 * log10(vOutRms / vInRms).
- LNA Gain Flatness Peak-to-peak LNA gain ripple across a measured passband using the maximum and minimum observed gain.
- LNA Input IP3 LNA input third-order intercept extrapolated from two-tone fundamental and third-order intermodulation levels.
- Load Cell Output Voltage Estimate load-cell voltage from excitation voltage, full-scale sensitivity in millivolts per volt, and fraction of rated load; linear response is assumed.
- Lock In Amplifier Phase Demodulated lock-in phase angle from signed in-phase and quadrature components.
- Logic Fanout Compute the maximum logic fanout as floor(drive current / input current).
- LSB Step Size Calculate the least-significant-bit step size of an ADC from its full-scale voltage.
- LVDS Swing Check Check whether an LVDS differential swing in millivolts falls within the 247 mV to 454 mV specification window.
- LVDS Termination Power Calculate differential termination resistor dissipation as Vdiff,RMS²/R. Use the RMS voltage across the resistor, not transmitter supply voltage.
- LVDT Output Voltage Calculate linear-region LVDT output voltage from calibrated sensitivity in volts per millimeter and signed core displacement; excitation and demodulation are assumed fixed.
- Magnetic Air Gap Length Solve a simple magnetic-circuit inductance model for required air-gap length: lg=μ₀N²A/L−lc/μr. This treats fringing and leakage as negligible; a negative result means the requested inductance needs no positive gap under the model.
- Magnetic Flux Wb Compute magnetic flux in webers as flux density in teslas multiplied by area in square meters.
- Magnetic Reluctance Calculate lumped magnetic reluctance ℛ=l/(μ₀μrA) for a uniform material segment. Use separate segments in series/parallel for mixed core and air-gap paths.
- Magnetometer Heading Calculate horizontal magnetic heading from leveled, calibrated magnetometer X/Y readings with atan2(Y,X), normalized to 0–360 degrees; declination is excluded.
- Magnetometer Resolution Estimate one ideal ADC code step in magnetic field from full-scale span and bit resolution; excludes sensor noise.
- Magnetomotive Force Calculate magnetomotive force as winding turns × current in ampere-turns. The current sign determines field direction under the selected winding convention.
- Magnetoresistive Sensor Output Change in divider output voltage when the upper magnetoresistive element changes by ΔR while an equal fixed resistor remains below it.
- Max Power Delivered Compute the maximum power in watts deliverable to a matched load from a Thevenin equivalent source.
- Max Power Load Find the load resistance in ohms that absorbs maximum power from a source, equal to the source resistance by the maximum power transfer theorem.
- Max Resistance Compute the maximum resistance as nominal ohms times (1 + tolerance percent / 100).
- MDS Calculator Compute the minimum detectable signal as MDS(dBm) = -174 + 10 x log10(BW(Hz)) + NF(dB) + SNR(dB); bandwidth must be positive and the noise figure non-negative.
- Mechanical Power Compute mechanical output power in watts from torque in newton meters times angular speed in radians per second.
- Memory Bandwidth Calculate theoretical aggregate bandwidth from transfers per second, bytes per transfer, and active channels. Output is decimal GB/s (10⁹ bytes/s); protocol overhead and idle cycles are excluded.
- Memory Latency from Cycles Convert a latency measured in clock cycles to nanoseconds using a clock frequency in hertz. Ensure the cycle count and frequency refer to the same clock domain.
- MEMS Accelerometer Bandwidth Calculator Restricted MEMS signal chain first order RC−3dBbandwidth1/(2πτ), actual measured/fittedτ, not mechanical resonance/Qor multi-pole manufacturer bandwidth. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- MEMS Gyroscope Scale Factor Gyroscope output scale factor from change in indicated signal divided by change in applied angular rate.
- MEMS Quality Factor Calculate a MEMS resonance quality factor from peak frequency and the two measured half-power frequencies.
- MEMS Resonant Frequency Find the undamped natural frequency of a single-degree-of-freedom MEMS proof mass from effective stiffness and effective mass.
- Mic Sensitivity mV/Pa Convert microphone sensitivity from dBV per pascal to millivolts per pascal as mvPerPa = 10^(sensitivityDbV / 20) * 1000, referenced to 1 V/Pa.
- Microphone Directivity Index Compute ideal directivity index from a measured or modeled effective acoustic beam solid angle.
- Microphone Max Spl Maximum SPL from the microphone's maximum undistorted RMS sound pressure, referenced to 20 µPa.
- Microstrip Z Approx Approximate microstrip characteristic impedance as (87 / sqrt(er + 1.41)) x ln(5.98 x h / (0.8 x w + t)).
- MIL-217-Style Parts-Count MTBF Calculate MTBF as 1/(base failure rate × product of supplied π factors) under a constant-failure-rate model. This is a transparent parts-count arithmetic aid, not a full MIL-HDBK-217 prediction because official part/environment factors are not supplied.
- Min Resistance Compute the minimum resistance as nominal ohms times (1 - tolerance percent / 100).
- MIPI Lane Rate Calculate required per-lane serial rate from aggregate payload rate, active lane count, and specified usable payload efficiency.
- Mirror Ratio Compute the current mirror output-to-reference ratio from the mirror transistor area ratio, defaulting to 1.
- Mismatch Loss dB Compute the mismatch loss in decibels caused by a reflection coefficient.
- Mixer Conversion Gain Mixer conversion gain from desired IF output power and RF input power at the specified LO drive.
- Mixer IP3 Input third-order intercept extrapolated from two-tone fundamental and intermodulation output levels.
- Mixer IP3 Extrapolate the third-order intercept point of a mixer from one tone level and its measured third-order intermodulation product.
- Mixer Noise Figure Mixer noise figure from input and output SNR measurements in decibels over equal bandwidth.
- Mixer P1dB Rule Estimate the 1 dB compression point of a mixer from its IP3 using the documented mixer-specific rule that P1dB sits 10.5 dB below the third-order intercept.
- MOSFET Switching Loss Compute MOSFET switching loss as 0.5 x V x I x (tr + tf) x f for hard-switched transitions.
- MOSFET Threshold Voltage Estimate nMOS threshold with body effect from zero-body-bias threshold, body coefficient, surface potential, and nonnegative source-to-body bias.
- MOSFET Transconductance Estimate long-channel saturated MOSFET small-signal transconductance from drain current and gate overdrive, neglecting channel-length modulation.
- MOST Bus Bandwidth Estimate usable MOST payload bandwidth from gross link bit rate and measured or specified payload-efficiency fraction.
- Motor Back EMF Compute the back EMF of a brushless motor in volts as shaft speed divided by its Kv constant in rpm per volt.
- Motor Efficiency % Compute motor efficiency percent as mechanical output power over electrical input power times one hundred.
- Motor Locked Rotor Torque Estimate locked-rotor torque of a DC motor from its torque constant and measured or modeled locked-rotor current.
- Motor No Load Speed Ideal no-load rotational speed from motor speed constant and applied voltage; ignores friction and no-load current drop.
- Motor Power Factor At Load Calculate balanced three-phase motor power factor as real input power divided by √3 times line voltage and line current; the result is a magnitude.
- Motor Slip Percentage Calculate induction-motor slip as the percentage difference between synchronous and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed.
- Motor Stall Current Approximate DC motor stall current from applied voltage and armature resistance, neglecting brush and supply losses.
- Motor Starting Current Estimate DC motor current at startup as applied armature voltage divided by winding resistance, before back EMF develops; drive current limiting is excluded.
- Motor Synchronous Speed Calculate AC motor synchronous speed in RPM from electrical frequency and an even number of magnetic poles, using 120f/P.
- Motor Torque At Slip Calculator Evaluate caller calibrated Kloss induction-motor torque/slip approximation including zero-slip and generating sign; not PM-DC linear torque/speed model, start capability or thermal rating.
- Motor Torque Speed Curve Linear permanent-magnet DC motor torque at a specified speed using stall torque and ideal no-load speed.
- Mutual Inductance Calculate the mutual inductance of two coupled inductors.
- NCO Frequency Resolution Numerically controlled oscillator frequency step for a given clock and phase accumulator width.
- NE555 Astable Frequency Compute the astable oscillation frequency of an NE555 timer from R1, R2 and the timing capacitor.
- NE555 Duty Cycle Compute the output duty cycle percentage of an NE555 astable circuit from R1 and R2.
- NE555 Monostable Time Compute the monostable pulse width of an NE555 timer from the timing resistor and capacitor.
- Near Field Distance Compute the outer boundary of an aperture antenna's reactive near field as Rn = 0.62 x sqrt(D^3 / lambda); dish diameter and wavelength must be positive.
- NFC Coupling Coefficient Calculate dimensionless NFC coil coupling coefficient k=M/√(L1L2) from mutual and self-inductances measured under the same conditions.
- Noise Figure To Factor Convert a system noise figure in decibels to a linear noise factor.
- Noise Temperature Calculate equivalent input noise temperature from a linear noise factor using the IEEE 290 K reference.
- Non-Inverting Op-Amp Gain Compute the ideal closed-loop gain of a non-inverting op-amp from its feedback and gain resistors.
- Norton Current Compute the Norton source current in amperes from the Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance.
- NTC Inrush Peak Compute the peak inrush current through an NTC inrush limiter as the bus voltage divided by the NTC cold resistance.
- NTC Temperature from Resistance Invert the NTC beta equation to estimate temperature from measured resistance and a reference point. Output is kelvin and Celsius; use a Steinhart–Hart model when greater accuracy is needed.
- NTC Thermistor Beta Resistance Estimate NTC thermistor resistance with the beta-parameter approximation R=R0 exp[B(1/T−1/T0)] using absolute kelvin temperatures; this is not the full Steinhart–Hart equation.
- Nyquist Frequency Calculate the highest frequency that can be represented without aliasing at a given sample rate.
- Nyquist Rate Calculate the minimum sampling rate for perfect reconstruction of a bandlimited signal.
- Offset Drift Compute the signed input offset voltage drift as delta Voffset(uV) / delta T(degC); the temperature interval must not be zero.
- Op-Amp Open-Loop Gain Calculate open-loop voltage gain A=Vout/(V+−V−) from an unsaturated operating-point measurement. Differential input cannot be zero; this scalar does not capture frequency-dependent gain.
- Op-Amp PSRR dB to Linear Convert power-supply rejection ratio from voltage-ratio decibels to a linear rejection factor, 10^(PSRR/20). A 80 dB PSRR means a 10,000:1 small-signal voltage rejection at the stated frequency.
- Opamp Input Bias Current Calculate average op-amp input bias-current magnitude as half the sum of the magnitudes of the two input currents.
- Opamp Input Offset Current Calculate op-amp input offset current as the absolute difference between the two input bias currents, using signed current measurements.
- Opamp Output Current Limit Calculator Screen requested opamp resistive-load voltages under explicit asymmetric source/sink current limits; ideal hard-current clamp, excludes rail swing, thermal behavior, reactive loads or device safety.
- Opamp Short Circuit Power Estimate output-stage dissipation during an op-amp short to ground as supply-to-short voltage magnitude times the measured short-circuit current; this is not total device power.
- Optocoupler Isolation Voltage Calculator Audit actual optocoupler working voltage separately from supplied isolation-test voltage/duration and caller condition evidence; passing hypot data does not authorize continuous test-level operation, certify insulation, creepage or electrical safety.
- Oscillator Phase Noise Simple Express single-sideband noise power spectral density relative to carrier power at a specified offset, in dBc/Hz.
- Oscillator Startup Time Estimate time for an exponentially growing oscillator amplitude to reach a target amplitude from an initial noise seed and growth time constant.
- OTDR Distance Convert optical time-domain reflectometer round-trip delay to one-way fiber distance using its group refractive index.
- OTDR Resolution Estimate OTDR two-point spatial resolution from transmitted pulse duration and fiber group index; receiver bandwidth and dead zones can worsen it.
- Output Power From Efficiency Compute the delivered output power from an input power at a given efficiency percentage.
- Output Ripple Buck Compute buck converter output ripple voltage in the ESR-less form dI_L / (8 x f x Cout).
- Oversampling Ratio Calculate how much faster a system samples compared with the minimum Nyquist requirement.
- P1dB Estimate Estimate the 1 dB compression point from IP3 using the documented rule P1dB(dBm) = IP3(dBm) - 9.6.
- P1dB Estimate Practice Create reproducible practice for P1dB Estimate from supplied scenarios, returning validated questions and computed answers under the source tool's assumptions and limits.
- PA 1db Compression Input power at the measured one-decibel gain compression point from output power and small-signal gain.
- PA Backoff Efficiency Drain efficiency at a power-backoff operating point from RF output and DC input power.
- PA Output dBm Estimate power amplifier output level as outDbm = inDbm + gainDb - lossesDb.
- PA Saturated Power RF output power at an observed saturated operating point from measured sinusoidal RMS output voltage into a resistive load.
- PAE Calculator Compute power added efficiency percent as (RF output - RF input) / DC supply x 100.
- Parabolic Dish Gain dBi Compute parabolic dish gain in dBi as 10 x log10(eta x (pi x D / lambda)^2); eta defaults to 0.55.
- Parallel Capacitors Calculate the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel.
- Parallel Inductor Current Split Compute the current through L1 of a parallel pair as total current times L2 / (L1 + L2).
- Parallel Inductors Calculate the total inductance of two inductors connected in parallel.
- Parallel Q Factor Compute the Q factor of a parallel resonant LC circuit from its winding resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
- Parallel Resonant Impedance Compute the dynamic impedance in ohms of a parallel resonant LC circuit at resonance.
- PCB Differential Skew Calculate absolute arrival-time skew between two PCB differential-pair traces from their measured or modeled propagation delays.
- PCB Ground Bounce Estimate ground-bounce voltage from shared inductance and current slew rate using V=L·di/dt. Enter inductance in nH and current slew in A/ns; the numerical product is volts.
- PCB Impedance Mismatch Reflection Calculate signed voltage reflection coefficient at a PCB transmission-line load as (Zload−Z0)/(Zload+Z0) for real positive impedances.
- PCB Plane Capacitance Calculate ideal parallel-plane PCB capacitance as ε0 εr A/d from overlapping copper area, dielectric thickness, and relative permittivity; fringe fields are excluded.
- PCB Trace Impedance Tolerance Calculate the lower and upper impedance bounds from a nominal controlled-impedance value and a symmetric percentage tolerance. It does not calculate trace geometry or account for asymmetric fabrication variation.
- Pcb Trace Inductance Per Length Calculator Restricted straight isolated rectangular trace partial inductance PER LENGTH approximation, not loop/return-plane inductance or micro strip field solver; long trace L≥10(w+t). Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- PCB Trace Length From Delay Calculate PCB trace length from measured or budgeted flight time and effective dielectric constant using speed c/√εeffective.
- PCB Trace Propagation Delay Estimate PCB trace flight time as length times √εeffective divided by the speed of light; use the trace geometry's effective dielectric constant.
- PCB Trace Resistance Compute PCB trace resistance in milliohms from copper resistivity 1.7e-8 ohm m and trace dimensions.
- PCB Trace Skin Effect Resistance Estimate high-frequency PCB trace resistance with skin depth δ=√(ρ/(πfμ)) and effective conducting perimeter area 2δ(w+t); valid only when skin depth is much smaller than width and thickness.
- PCB Via Current from Thermal Model Estimate via current from an allowed temperature rise and user-supplied effective thermal resistance using I=sqrt(ΔT/(R_electrical·R_thermal)). Barrel electrical resistance uses copper resistivity, length, and plated annulus area. This simplified lumped model requires board-specific thermal resistance.
- Pcb Via Inductance Calculator Restricted isolated straight via partial inductance estimate2e−7h[ln(4h/d)+1]SI, H, return path mutual inductance excluded, h≥d. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- PCIe Link Bandwidth Estimate one-direction PCIe payload bandwidth from transfer rate, lane count, and the selected generation's encoding efficiency; excludes packet overhead.
- Peak From RMS Calculate the peak current of a sinusoid from its RMS current.
- Peak Inductor Current Compute peak inductor current as the load current plus half of the inductor ripple current.
- Peak to RMS Voltage Calculator Convert a sinusoidal peak voltage to its root-mean-square value, Vrms = Vp / sqrt(2); the RMS value produces the same heating in a resistor as the equivalent DC voltage.
- Peltier Cold-Side Heat Estimate thermoelectric cooler heat absorbed at the cold side as αITc−½I²R−K(Th−Tc). Supply module-level Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistance, and thermal conductance; positive output means cooling.
- Period to Frequency Calculator Convert the duration of one cycle into its repetition rate, f = 1 / T.
- Peukert Capacity Estimate effective battery runtime under Peukert's law for a given discharge current.
- Phantom Current Per Mic Compute P48 phantom current per microphone as currentMa = phantomVolts / (feedResistorEachOhms * 2) * 1000 through the series pair of feed resistors.
- Phase Noise Integrated Jitter Simple Convert integrated single-sideband phase-noise power to RMS timing jitter with sqrt(2A)/(2πfcarrier); A is the dimensionless linear noise-to-carrier integral over the chosen offset band.
- Phase Shift Oscillator Compute the oscillation frequency of an RC phase-shift oscillator f = 1 / (2 * pi * sqrt(6) * R * C).
- Photodiode Dark Current Empirical dark-current estimate from a measured reference current and an assumed doubling interval in temperature.
- Photodiode Responsivity (Electronics) Compute photodiode responsivity in A/W from quantum efficiency and wavelength.
- Photon Energy From Wavelength Convert a wavelength in nanometers to photon energy in electronvolts using E = 1239.84 / lambda.
- Phototransistor Collector Current Approximate phototransistor collector current from incident optical power, photodiode responsivity and transistor current gain.
- Pi-Pad Series Resistor Compute the series resistor of a pi-pad attenuator between equal source and load impedances.
- Pi-Pad Shunt Resistor Compute each shunt resistor of a pi-pad attenuator between equal source and load impedances.
- Piezo Resonant Frequency Estimate the thickness-mode fundamental resonant frequency of a piezoelectric plate using the documented 2860 kHz·mm k33 constant (frequency in kHz equals 2860 divided by thickness in mm).
- Piezo Sensor Charge Amplifier Voltage Calculate ideal inverting charge-amplifier output voltage as −Q/Cfeedback for a piezoelectric sensor; leakage and reset circuitry are excluded.
- Piezoelectric Actuator Displacement Ideal unloaded piezo stack displacement from effective d33 coefficient, drive voltage and number of active layers.
- Piezoelectric Charge Calculate generated charge Q=dF from an effective piezoelectric charge coefficient and force along a matched axis. Enter d in C/N and force in N; orientation and mechanical boundary conditions must match the coefficient.
- Piezoelectric Open-Circuit Voltage Estimate open-circuit piezoelectric voltage as generated charge divided by effective capacitance. Loading, leakage, and amplifier input impedance can reduce measured voltage.
- Piezoelectric Sensor Sensitivity Charge sensitivity of a piezoelectric sensor from generated charge and applied force.
- PIN Responsivity Calculate a PIN photodiode's measured electrical responsivity from dark-subtracted photocurrent and incident optical power.
- Pll Capture Range Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Pll Capture Range Calculator. Actual independently applicable PLL capture dynamic pull-in branch, initial frequency/phase, loop order/filter, gains/divider and independently validated capture reference. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- Pll Damping Ratio Calculator Declared second order type II closed-loop ζ=τzeroωn/2, explicit transfer-function convention, not viscous mechanical c/(2√km). Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- PLL Gain Margin Calculate loop gain margin from open-loop gain in decibels at the minus-180-degree phase crossover.
- Pll Lock Range Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Pll Lock Range Calculator. Actual independently applicable PLL hold-in static locking branch, phase detector limits, gains/divider and independently validated lock envelope. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- PLL Lock Time Estimate the settling time of a phase-locked loop using the documented rule that lock takes roughly four time constants of the natural frequency in radians per second (4 divided by two pi times the loop bandwidth in Hz).
- PLL Loop Bandwidth Compute the phase-detector comparison frequency that sets the PLL loop bandwidth from the reference frequency, loop divider, and a documented reference divider (default ten).
- Pll Natural Frequency Calculator Declared second order type II charge/phase detector loop naturalfHz=√(KdKv/τ)/(2π), unit-loop gain/dimensioned gains no hiddenN; actual effective gain includes divider. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- PLL Output Frequency Compute the output frequency of a phase-locked loop from the reference frequency and divider ratios.
- PLL Phase Margin Calculate loop phase margin from unwrapped open-loop phase at the unity-gain crossover frequency.
- PLL Phase Noise Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for PLL Phase Noise Calculator. Actual independently applicable actual PLL phase-noise offset frequency, reference/VCO/divider noise and independently validated transfer functions. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- PLL Reference Spur Level Reference-spur level relative to carrier in dBc from measured spur and carrier powers in dBm.
- PoE Delivered Power Budget Estimate delivered PoE power as source power minus I²R cable loss and other fixed losses. Use the full loop resistance of the powered conductor pairs; protocol class and startup margins are not modeled.
- Powder Core AL Inductance Calculate inductance L=AL·N² from a core's inductance factor and turn count. AL and output use the same unit per turn squared; account for DC bias separately because effective permeability can fall.
- Power Attenuator dB Compute power attenuation in decibels from output and input power.
- Power Dissipation from Temperature Rise Infer steady-state power dissipation as (Tj−Ta)/θJA from a measured junction and ambient temperature. Use the effective thermal resistance for the same assembly and cooling conditions.
- Power Factor Calculator Calculate the power factor from resistance and impedance magnitude.
- Power Gain dB Express a power ratio as a decibel gain.
- Power Module Loss Conduction Estimate resistive power-module conduction loss as RMS current squared times hot on-state resistance; use the operating-temperature resistance.
- Power Module Loss Switching Total Calculate average power-module switching loss from per-event turn-on and turn-off energies times switching frequency.
- Power To SPL Estimate loudspeaker output level as splAtMeterDb = sensitivityDbPerW1m + 10 * log10(amplifierWatts).
- Pre Emphasis Db Express transmitted pre-emphasized signal amplitude relative to the baseline amplitude in voltage decibels.
- Pressure Sensor Accuracy Convert a pressure sensor's accuracy rating as percent of full-scale span into absolute pressure error.
- Pressure Sensor Voltage Output Calculate a calibrated linear pressure sensor's output voltage from zero-pressure voltage, sensitivity per kilopascal, and applied pressure.
- Programmable Gain Amplifier Gain Linear voltage gain at a selected programmable-amplifier setting from measured input and output amplitude.
- Proximity Sensor Range Calculator Read actual target-specific observed proximity detection fractions against caller criterion with bracket/censoring evidence; no inverse-square universal range, confidence interval or all-material sensor guarantee.
- PSRR dB Compute the power supply rejection ratio in decibels as 20 x log10(delta Vsupply / delta Vout); both deltas must be positive.
- PSU Holdup Cap Compute the bulk capacitance needed to hold up a power supply output for a ride-through interval.
- PTC Thermistor Resistance Estimate PTC thermistor resistance near a reference temperature using the supplied linear temperature coefficient; real PTC curves can be strongly nonlinear.
- Pulse Width From Duty Compute the pulse width as duty percent x period / 100 for duty between zero and one hundred inclusive.
- PWM Average Voltage Calculate the average voltage of a PWM signal.
- PWM Resolution Bits Compute the PWM resolution in bits from the clock frequency and the PWM frequency.
- Q Factor From Ber Calculator Gaussian Qfactor from BER=1−Φ(Q), actual0<BER<1; not optical power factor or universal modulation inverse. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- Q From Bandwidth Compute the quality factor of a resonant circuit from its resonant frequency and bandwidth.
- Q From ESR Derive the quality factor of a component from its reactance and equivalent series resistance.
- Quantization SNR Calculate the theoretical signal-to-noise ratio limit of an ideal quantizer in decibels.
- Quarter-Wave Antenna Length Calculator Compute the quarter-wave element length L = c / (4 * f), optionally shortened by an insulation velocity factor; bare wire in free space uses a factor of one.
- Radar Doppler Shift Monostatic radar Doppler frequency shift for a signed line-of-sight radial speed, with closing defined positive.
- Radar Max Range Compute monostatic radar maximum detection range as the fourth root of the radar range equation numerator over (4 x pi)^3 x Pmin, with (4 x pi)^3 approximated by 1984.4017.
- Radar Pulse Compression Ratio Ideal matched-filter pulse-compression ratio equal to transmitted pulse duration times swept bandwidth.
- Radar Received Power Compute monostatic radar received power via the radar range equation with (4 x pi)^3 approximated by 1984.4017.
- RC Charging Voltage Compute the charging voltage across an RC network after a given elapsed time.
- RC Cutoff Frequency Calculator Compute the first-order RC low-pass cutoff frequency fc = 1 / (2 * pi * R * C), where the output falls 3 dB.
- RC Discharging Voltage Compute the remaining voltage across a discharging RC network after a given elapsed time.
- RC Propagation Delay Compute the single RC propagation delay as 0.69 x R x C expressed in nanoseconds, where 0.69 approximates ln(2) for a 50 percent transition.
- RC Time To Threshold Calculate RC charging time to a target voltage.
- RCS From Power Ratio Compute radar cross section from the received power via the radar range equation sigma = Pr x (4pi)^3 x R^4 / (Pt x G^2 x lambda^2).
- RCS From Received Power Solve the radar equation for target cross section rcsM2 = Prx * (4*pi)^3 * R^4 / (Ptx * G^2 * lambda^2) with all linear units.
- Reactive Power VAR Calculate signed reactive power in volt-amperes reactive from RMS voltage, RMS current, and phase angle.
- Real Power Watts Calculate real power in watts from RMS voltage, RMS current, and power factor.
- Receiver Overload Calculate receiver input headroom from maximum specified input power and actual input power in dBm; a negative result indicates overload.
- Receiver Sensitivity Compute the thermal-noise-limited receiver sensitivity as -174 dBm/Hz plus ten times the base-ten logarithm of the bandwidth plus the noise figure plus the required SNR.
- Rectangular Magnetic Path Length Estimate mean magnetic path length around a rectangular core centerline as 2(width+height). Use centerline dimensions, not external package dimensions; corners and air gaps are not corrected.
- Reed Switch Operate Distance Calculator Infer bracketed reed operate distance on caller calibrated axial magnetic field versus distance; absent crossing retains unknown zero sentinel, no universal magnet inverse-power law, release hysteresis or installation range guarantee.
- Reflected Power % Compute the percentage of power reflected by a load from its VSWR as ((VSWR - 1)/(VSWR + 1))^2 x 100.
- Reflection Coefficient Compute the voltage reflection coefficient at the junction of a source and load impedance.
- Reflectometer Dynamic Range Convert maximum-to-minimum detectable reflected power ratio into reflectometer dynamic range in decibels.
- Regulator Dissipation Calculate linear regulator power dissipation.
- Relaxation Oscillator Frequency Full-cycle frequency for symmetric constant-current charging and discharging across a voltage swing ΔV.
- Relay Bounce Time Observed relay contact-bounce duration from first closure to last stable transition.
- Relay Coil Inductance Calculate relay-coil inductance from measured coil resistance and RL electrical time constant using L=Rτ; contact mechanics are not included.
- Relay Coil Power Calculate DC relay-coil electrical power as applied voltage squared divided by coil resistance; AC impedance is outside this model.
- Relay Operate Time Estimate how long an RL relay coil takes to reach its pickup voltage from the L/R time constant.
- Required Heatsink Thermal Resistance Calculate maximum allowable heatsink-to-ambient thermal resistance from junction-temperature limit, ambient temperature, dissipation, junction-to-case, and case-to-sink resistances. A negative result means the assumed stack cannot meet the limit.
- Required Power Rating Compute the required resistor power rating from volts times current and recommend a derated rating using a safety factor between 1 and 5.
- Required Slew Rate Calculate the slew rate required for a sinusoidal signal.
- Resistor Color Code Decode Decode a three-band resistor color code into resistance in ohms.
- Resistor Temperature-Coefficient Drift Estimate resistor value change from a specified linear ppm/°C temperature coefficient and temperature difference. This is a first-order drift estimate; self-heating and nonlinearity are not included.
- Resistor Thermal Noise Current RMS Johnson-Nyquist current noise over an equivalent noise bandwidth; assumes a resistor at thermal equilibrium.
- Resonance Impedance Peak Estimate a loudspeaker driver's low-frequency impedance peak as Zmax = Re x (1 + Qms / Qes), neglecting voice-coil inductance.
- Resonant Circuit Q Factor Calculator Compute the quality factor of a series RLC resonator, Q = sqrt(L / C) / R = (omega0 * L) / R; a higher Q means lower damping and a narrower resonance bandwidth.
- Resonant Frequency Calculator Compute the LC tank resonant frequency f0 = 1 / (2 * pi * sqrt(L * C)), where inductive and capacitive reactances cancel.
- Return Loss dB Compute the return loss in decibels from a reflection coefficient magnitude.
- RFID Read Range Estimate free-space RFID forward-link range by the Friis equation from frequency, reader transmitted power, linear antenna gains, and tag activation power; reverse-link and regulatory limits are excluded.
- Ring Oscillator Frequency Compute the oscillation frequency of a ring oscillator f = 1 / (2 * N * td) in gigahertz.
- Ripple Rating Check Compare the ripple current applied to a capacitor against its rated ripple current and report the signed margin percent; negative values mean the rating is exceeded.
- Ripple Voltage Compute capacitor ripple voltage as ripple current divided by twice the product of frequency and capacitance.
- Rise Time From BW Compute the Gaussian response rise time as 350 / bandwidth in MHz giving nanoseconds.
- RL Current Rise Compute the RL circuit current as it rises toward its steady-state value.
- RL Cutoff Frequency Calculate the cutoff frequency of an RL low-pass filter.
- RL Time Constant Calculator Compute the RL circuit time constant tau = L / R; the current reaches about 63 percent of its final value after one tau and is effectively settled after five.
- RL Time To Current Calculate RL rise time to a target current.
- RMS From Peak Calculate the RMS current of a sinusoid from its peak current.
- RMS Inductor Current Compute RMS inductor current as sqrt(I_load^2 + I_ripple^2 / 12) for a triangular ripple waveform.
- RMS to Peak Voltage Calculator Convert a sinusoidal RMS voltage to its peak amplitude, Vp = Vrms * sqrt(2), for example to size insulation from a mains RMS rating.
- RS-485 Receiver Unit Load Estimate total RS-485 receiver loading from receiver count and fractional unit load per receiver. Compare against the transceiver's supported unit-load budget; topology, termination, and bias loading remain separate.
- RTD Linear Resistance Estimate RTD resistance with R=R₀[1+α(T−T₀)] over a limited temperature range. For precision platinum RTDs over wider ranges, use Callendar–Van Dusen coefficients instead.
- Sample And Hold Acquisition Time Estimate sample-and-hold acquisition time for first-order RC settling to a specified remaining error fraction after a voltage step.
- Sample And Hold Droop Rate Calculate the magnitude of sample-and-hold voltage droop per second from leakage current divided by hold capacitance.
- Saturation Margin Compare the peak operating current of an inductor against its saturation current and report the signed margin percent; negative values mean saturation is exceeded.
- SAW Center Frequency Compute the center frequency of a SAW transducer from its interdigital finger pitch and acoustic velocity; the acoustic wavelength is twice the finger pitch.
- Schmitt Lower Threshold Compute the Schmitt trigger lower threshold as thresholdBaseVolts x (1 - feedback ratio), with ratio between zero and one exclusive of one, defaulting to 0.5.
- Schmitt Oscillator Frequency Frequency of a symmetric inverting RC Schmitt oscillator with switching thresholds at ±β times saturation voltage.
- Schmitt Upper Threshold Compute the Schmitt trigger upper switching threshold upper = base * (1 + feedbackRatio).
- Sense Voltage Compute the differential voltage developed across a current-sense shunt as Vsense(mV) = I(A) x Rshunt(mOhm).
- SEPIC Duty Compute the ideal continuous-conduction SEPIC duty cycle as Vout / (Vin + Vout) x 100.
- Series Cap Voltage Divider Compute the voltage across C1 of a series pair as supply volts times C2 / (C1 + C2).
- Series Capacitors Calculate the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series.
- Series Inductors Calculate the total inductance of two inductors connected in series.
- Series Resonance Impedance Compute the impedance in ohms of a series RLC circuit at resonance, where reactances cancel and only the winding resistance remains.
- Servo Angle From Pulse Map a hobby servo pulse width between 500 and 2500 microseconds to a signed angle with the documented linear scale of 1000 to 2000 microseconds covering -90 to +90 degrees, clamping extended-range pulses to the endpoints.
- Servo Pulse Width From Angle Interpolate a hobby servo command pulse width from angle using the servo's calibrated angle and pulse-width endpoints; do not assume a universal pulse range.
- Servo Torque At Voltage Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Servo Torque At Voltage Calculator. Actual independently applicable actual named servo voltage/temperature/duty/load and independently matched measured torque versus voltage. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- SFDR dB Compute the spurious-free dynamic range in decibels as the carrier level minus the largest spur level, both in dBm.
- Shockley Diode Current Calculate Shockley diode current.
- Short Dipole Rrad Compute the radiation resistance of a short dipole from its length and wavelength using Rrad = 80 x pi^2 x (l/lambda)^2.
- Shot Noise Current Compute rms shot noise current as sqrt(2 x q x I x B) with elementary charge q = 1.602176634e-19 C.
- Shot Noise Voltage Compute rms shot noise voltage across a load in microvolts as sqrt(2 x q x I x B) x R with q = 1.602176634e-19 C.
- Shunt Power Compute the power dissipated by a current-sense shunt as P(mW) = I^2(A) x Rshunt(mOhm).
- SiC Mosfet Figure Of Merit Calculate the common SiC MOSFET device figure of merit RDS(on)×Qg from specified on-resistance and total gate charge at matching test conditions.
- SINAD dB Compute SINAD in decibels as 20 x log10(Vfundamental / sqrt(noise^2 + distortion^2)); there must be some noise or distortion.
- Skin Depth Copper Compute the copper skin depth in micrometers at a given frequency in megahertz.
- Slew Limited Bandwidth Compute the maximum full-amplitude sine frequency as slew rate / (2 x PI x peak voltage).
- SMD Resistor Code Decode a three-digit SMD resistor code into resistance in ohms.
- SNR Linear Calculate the linear signal-to-noise power ratio from signal and noise powers.
- SNR To dB Convert a linear signal-to-noise ratio to an equivalent ratio in decibels.
- Snubber Capacitor Value Compute the snubber capacitance C = I_off x dt / V_spike that limits the turn-off voltage spike.
- Snubber Resistor Value Compute the RC snubber resistor R = tau / C from a target time constant in ns and capacitance in nF.
- SOA Gain Convert a semiconductor optical amplifier's output-to-input optical power ratio to power gain in decibels.
- Soft-Start Cap Value Compute the soft-start capacitance from the charging current and ramp time via C = I x t / V.
- Solar Cell Maximum Power Estimate a solar cell's maximum-power-point output from open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and measured fill factor at the same conditions.
- Solar Cell Short-Circuit Current Convert a solar cell's measured short-circuit current density and illuminated active area into total short-circuit current.
- Solar Fill Factor Compute the fill factor of a photovoltaic cell from maximum power, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current.
- Solar Panel Bypass Diode Current Calculator Signed measured branch current conservation at conducting bypass diode Istring−Isubstring, not select diodeampacity/thermal ratings or infer shading from irradiancealone. Actual matched units/topology and independently established parameters; not a safe device/electrical design or verified manufacturer rating.
- Solar Panel Max Power Current Maximum-power-point current from measured maximum output power and voltage at that same operating point.
- Solar Panel Max Power Voltage Maximum-power-point voltage from measured maximum output power and current at that same operating point.
- Solenoid Force N Estimate the attraction force of a solenoid actuator from ampere-turns, gap, and pole area.
- Solenoid Inductance Calculate air-core solenoid inductance from turns, area, and length.
- Solenoid Pull Force At Distance Estimate ideal solenoid attraction across one air gap as μ0(NI)²A/(2g²); assumes negligible leakage, fringing, saturation, and iron reluctance.
- Sonar Range Meters Convert a measured two-way echo travel time into distance as rangeMeters = soundSpeedMsPerS * twoWayTravelSeconds / 2, defaulting to 1480 m/s in water.
- Sonar Transmission Loss One-way sonar transmission loss using spherical spreading referenced to 1 m plus a supplied absorption rate.
- Spark Gap Breakdown Voltage Estimate uniform-field gas-gap breakdown voltage as assumed breakdown electric field times electrode separation; real gaps require pressure and geometry data.
- Speaker Box Volume Internal rectangular speaker enclosure volume from internal width, height and depth; excludes drivers and bracing displacement.
- Speaker Power Handling Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Speaker Power Handling Calculator. Actual independently applicable speaker actual thermal/mechanical power rating, impedance/frequency/duty/enclosure and independently tested manufacturer evidence. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- Speaker Sensitivity SPL Predict free-field speaker SPL at a new electrical input power and distance from a reference SPL measured at known power and distance.
- SPI Clock Divider Compute the SPI clock frequency from the CPU clock and a power-of-two divider between 1 and 256.
- SPI Frequency from Trace Delay Estimate a conservative SPI clock ceiling from trace length, propagation delay per metre, and available timing fraction of a cycle. This only budgets propagation delay; include device clock-to-output, setup, skew, and return path in a real design.
- SPL From Pressure Convert sound pressure to sound pressure level as splDb = 20 * log10(soundPressurePa / 0.00002) referenced to 20 micropascals.
- State Of Charge % Compute the state of charge of a battery from remaining and full capacity.
- Steinmetz Core Loss Compute Steinmetz core loss in mW/cm^3 as k x f^alpha x (B/1000)^beta; defaults k = 0.001, alpha = 1.5, beta = 2.2.
- Stepper Motor Holding Torque Calculator Qualified caller-reference retrieval for Stepper Motor Holding Torque Calculator. Actual independently applicable actual stepper motor winding/current/phase count/temperature/drive and independently measured holding torque. Does not compute an omitted physical/predictive/design model or supply authoritative standards, coefficients, norms. Examples are illustrative. Evidence truth/applicability externally verified; no diagnosis, safe-use approval, code/legal compliance or guaranteed forecast.
- Stepper Motor Pulse Frequency From Rpm Convert stepper motor shaft speed to pulse frequency from full or microsteps per revolution; the step count must include the chosen microstepping mode.
- Stepper RPM From Pulses Compute stepper motor speed in revolutions per minute from a step pulse rate in hertz and the step count per revolution using rpm = pulses * 60 / steps.
- Stepper Steps/Rev Compute the resolved step count per revolution of a stepper motor from its full steps per revolution and the microstepping divisor, which defaults to 200 full steps and no microstepping.
- Strain Gauge Bridge Output Calculate the exact ideal quarter-bridge voltage change for one active strain-gauge arm from excitation voltage, gauge factor, and mechanical strain; bridge polarity follows the changed arm.
- Strain Gauge Resistance Change Compute the resistance change of a strain gauge from its gauge factor, nominal resistance, and strain.
- Strain Gauge Resistance Change Compute ΔR=GF·ε·R₀ from gauge factor, dimensionless strain, and initial resistance. This linear approximation applies to small strain and does not include temperature compensation.
- Stripline Z Approx Approximate symmetric stripline impedance as (60 / sqrt(er)) x ln(4 x h / (0.67 x pi x (0.8 x w + t))).
- Summing Amp Output Compute the inverting two-input summing amplifier output as -(Rf x (V1/R1 + V2/R2)).
- Supercap Self-Discharge Time Estimate how long a supercapacitor takes to self-discharge from a charged voltage down to an acceptable voltage.
- Supercapacitor Balancing Resistor Parallel resistor needed for a chosen bleed current at the capacitor's target balancing voltage.
- Supercapacitor Capacitance Vs Voltage Calculator Read measured voltage-dependent differential capacitance and integrate C(V)dV for actual charge interval; not constant-capacitance energy, capacitance tempco or inferring differential C from unspecified nominal rating.
- Supercapacitor Esr Vs Temperature Calculator Interpolate actual supercapacitor ESR-versus-temperature calibration at matched frequency/SOC and independent reference; not a generic linear tempco or universal cold ESR.
- Supercapacitor Leakage Current Estimate steady leakage current from an equivalent parallel leakage resistance using I=V/R. Real supercapacitor leakage can depend on voltage, temperature, and settling time.
- Supercapacitor RC Time Constant Calculate τ=RC for a supercapacitor and a series or load resistance. This ideal first-order time constant does not model voltage-dependent capacitance or leakage.
- Supercapacitor Self Discharge Rate Average open-circuit voltage fall per hour over an observed self-discharge interval; assumes no external load.
- Supercapacitor Voltage After Time Estimate supercapacitor voltage after time through a constant parallel leakage resistance using V(t)=V0e^(−t/RC).
- System Noise Temp Compute the system noise temperature in kelvin as the sum of the antenna and receiver noise temperatures; both must be non-negative.
- T-Pad Series Resistor Compute each series resistor of an unbalanced T-pad attenuator between equal source and load impedances.
- T-Pad Shunt Resistor Compute the shunt resistor of an unbalanced T-pad attenuator between equal source and load impedances.
- Temperature Sensor LM35 Voltage Calculate nominal LM35 temperature-sensor voltage from Celsius temperature using the device's 10 mV/°C transfer factor; accuracy and supply constraints are separate.
- THD Percent Compute total harmonic distortion in percent as 100 x sqrt(V2^2 + V3^2) / Vfundamental; harmonics must be non-negative and the fundamental positive.
- THD+N Percent Compute THD+N percentage from the RMS residual and fundamental as thdnPercent = sqrt(harmonicsAndNoiseV^2) / fundamentalV * 100.
- Thermal Interface Resistance Calculate ideal thermal interface resistance t/(kA) from uniform pad thickness, thermal conductivity, and contact area; contact imperfections are excluded.
- Thermal Noise Power dBm Calculate kTB thermal noise power in dBm over a given bandwidth at room temperature.
- Thermal Resistance °C/W Derive the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance from a steady-state temperature rise over dissipated power.
- Thermal Via Barrel Resistance Estimate one-dimensional thermal resistance through the plated via barrel, L/(kA), where A is the annular copper cross-section. Board laminate, pads, and spreading resistance are excluded.
- Thermal Voltage VT Calculate semiconductor thermal voltage, about 25.85 mV at 300 K.
- Thermistor Beta Resistance Estimate NTC thermistor resistance at an absolute temperature using R=R₀ exp[B(1/T−1/T₀)]. Temperatures are kelvin; beta is an approximation over its specified range.
- Thevenin Resistance Compute the Thevenin resistance in ohms of a resistive divider seen from its output.
- Thevenin Voltage Compute the Thevenin voltage of a resistive divider from the supply voltage and both divider resistances.
- Thyristor Holding Current Calculator Screen measured post-gate-removal thyristor current against caller holding threshold, not relatching automatically when current recovers; ideal sampled threshold model excludes turnoff/recovery time and circuit safety.
- Thyristor Latching Current Calculator Audit actual anode current at gate-pulse end against supplied latching current and independent gate-rating evidence; differs from post-trigger holding waveform and does not verify reliable device latching or safe drive.
- Toroid Inductance Compute toroid inductance in microhenries as AL (nH per turn squared) times the square of the turns divided by 1000.
- Torque Constant Kt Compute the torque constant Kt in newton meters per ampere from the motor velocity constant Kv using Kt = 60 / (2 * pi * Kv).
- Touch Capacitance Delta Subtract baseline touch-electrode capacitance from measured capacitance; the signed delta distinguishes increases from decreases.
- Touch Panel Capacitance Ideal parallel-plate touch electrode capacitance from overlap area, dielectric thickness and relative permittivity.
- Touch Screen Resistance Estimate end-to-end resistance of a uniform rectangular resistive touch layer with electrodes across its full width.
- Transformer Copper Loss at Load Sum primary and secondary winding I²R losses using RMS currents and operating-temperature resistances. Additional windings and AC resistance effects are not included.
- Transformer Efficiency Compute transformer efficiency percent as output power divided by input power times 100.
- Transformer Efficiency At Load Real output-power fraction of real input power at the specified transformer operating point.
- Transformer Iron Loss Estimate Estimate core loss by multiplying a measured or manufacturer-provided loss density by core volume. Use density at the same material, frequency, flux swing, temperature, and waveform; output is watts.
- Transformer Magnetizing Current Estimate sinusoidal RMS magnetizing current as V/(2πfLm) for a linear magnetizing inductance. Core saturation, hysteresis, and winding resistance are excluded.
- Transformer Temperature Rise Estimate Estimate steady transformer temperature rise as total heat dissipation multiplied by measured effective thermal resistance to ambient. Airflow, enclosure, mounting, and temperature-dependent losses can change the actual rise.
- Transformer Total Loss Add winding copper, core iron, and other measured transformer losses in watts. This is a loss budget sum, not an efficiency estimate without input or output power.
- Transformer Voltage Regulation Calculate transformer voltage regulation as (no-load secondary voltage − full-load secondary voltage)/full-load voltage ×100. Use measurements at the same primary voltage and frequency.
- Transformer Voltage Regulation Transformer voltage regulation from no-load and full-load secondary RMS voltage at the same primary supply.
- Transformer Winding DC Resistance Estimate DC winding resistance from conductor resistivity, total wire length, and copper cross-section: R=ρl/A. Supply resistivity at operating temperature; AC skin and proximity losses are excluded.
- Transmission Coefficient Compute the power transmission coefficient tau as one minus the square of the reflection coefficient magnitude.
- TRIAC Trigger Current Estimate TRIAC gate current from drive voltage, gate drop, and total series resistance; this does not predict the device's specified trigger threshold.
- Turns Ratio Compute the turns ratio of a transformer from its primary and secondary winding turns.
- TVS Clamping Ratio Compare a TVS diode's specified clamping voltage with its stand-off voltage as a dimensionless ratio.
- TVS Peak Pulse Power Calculate peak transient-voltage-suppressor pulse power as clamping voltage multiplied by peak pulse current at the same point on the device curve.
- TX Power From EIRP Compute the required transmitter output power in dBm from a target EIRP by subtracting the antenna gain and adding the cable loss.
- Type K Thermocouple Estimate the voltage produced by a Type K thermocouple from the temperature difference and Seebeck sensitivity.
- UART Baud Error % Compute the percentage error of an actual UART baud rate relative to a target baud rate.
- UART Bit Time Calculate the nominal duration of one UART bit as 1/baud. Output is microseconds; framing, clock mismatch, and oversampling do not change the nominal bit period.
- Ultrasonic Distance From Time Calculate ultrasonic pulse-echo target distance from round-trip travel time and assumed sound speed; sound speed must reflect the measurement medium.
- USB Eye Jitter Budget Subtract a required open-eye width and other timing penalties from one unit interval to obtain remaining total jitter budget. All inputs are in picoseconds; apply the limits from the relevant USB generation and test specification.
- USB Packet Overhead Calculate the fraction of an already measured USB packet occupied by non-payload bytes, including protocol fields supplied in total length.
- Varactor Capacitance Compute the junction capacitance of a varactor diode from its zero-bias capacitance, reverse voltage, built-in potential, and grading coefficient.
- Variable Gain Amplifier Gain Voltage gain in decibels from output and input RMS amplitudes at a given gain-control setting.
- Varistor Clamping Voltage Estimate MOV clamping voltage at a specified current from a calibrated power-law V–I curve V=Vref(I/Iref)^(1/alpha); alpha must come from device data.
- Varistor Energy Rating Estimate minimum varistor pulse-energy rating from a rectangular clamping-voltage and pulse-current approximation; compare with the actual waveform and derating.
- VCO Gain Compute voltage-controlled oscillator gain from its tuning frequency deviation and control voltage range.
- VCO Tuning Sensitivity Average VCO frequency tuning sensitivity between two measured voltage-frequency operating points.
- Video Blanking Interval Find horizontal and vertical blanking counts by subtracting active pixels or lines from corresponding raster totals.
- Video Frame Rate Frame rate from pixel clock, total pixels per line and total lines per frame, including blanking.
- Video Line Frequency Horizontal line rate from pixel clock and total pixels per line, including horizontal blanking.
- Video Pixel Bandwidth Raw uncompressed video payload bit rate from active pixel rate and bits per pixel; excludes blanking and coding overhead.
- Video Pixel Clock Calculate total raster pixel clock from horizontal total pixels, vertical total lines, and frames per second, including blanking.
- Volt-Second Balance Check Check transformer volt-second balance as |v_on x t_on - v_off x t_off| / (v_on x t_on); balanced when the fraction is below 0.05.
- Voltage Attenuator Ratio Compute the linear voltage attenuation ratio from output over input voltage.
- Voltage Divider Calculator Compute the divided output voltage across R2 of a two-resistor series divider: Vout = Vin * R2 / (R1 + R2).
- Voltage Gain dB Express a voltage ratio as a decibel gain.
- Voltage Rating Check Check whether the voltage applied across a resistor is within its maximum working voltage rating, which defaults to 250 volts.
- Voltage Ratio Compute the transformer secondary voltage from the primary voltage and winding turns.
- Voltage Sensor Divider Ratio Calculate the unloaded resistive voltage-divider ratio Rbottom/(Rtop+Rbottom); loading and resistor tolerance are excluded.
- Volts Per Turn Compute the volts per turn of a transformer primary winding from the applied primary voltage and its turn count.
- Volts To dBmV Convert a signal voltage in volts to a level in dBmV referenced to 1 mV.
- Volts To dBu Convert a signal level in volts RMS to dBu using the 0 dBu reference of 0.7746 V.
- Volts To dBV Convert a signal level in volts RMS to dBV relative to the 0 dBV reference of 1 V.
- VSWR From Gamma Compute the voltage standing wave ratio from a reflection coefficient magnitude.
- Watts To dBm Convert an absolute power level in watts to dBm.
- Watts To dBW Convert an absolute power level in watts to dBW.
- WDM Channel Spacing Find absolute optical frequency separation of two wavelength-division multiplexing channels from their vacuum wavelengths.
- WDM Crosstalk Express unwanted-to-wanted optical power ratio as crosstalk in decibels; negative values mean interference is below the signal.
- Wien Bridge Frequency Compute the oscillation frequency of a Wien bridge oscillator f = 1 / (2 * pi * R * C).
- Window Comparator Thresholds Upper and lower window-comparator thresholds from a center voltage and nonnegative half-width.
- Wire Power Loss Compute the ohmic power dissipated in a round-trip wire run at a given current.
- Wire Resistance Calculator Compute wire resistance R = rho * L / A from length and cross-sectional area, defaulting to copper resistivity (1.68e-8 ohm-meter at 20 degrees Celsius); area is given in square millimeters and converted to square meters.
- Wire Voltage Drop Compute the round-trip voltage drop along a two-conductor wire run.
- Wye To Delta RA Convert a wye network to its equivalent delta network and return the RA arm.
- Zener Current Compute the current through a Zener diode in milliamps given the supply voltage, Zener voltage, and series resistor.
- Zener Power Dissipation Compute the power dissipated by a Zener diode from its Zener voltage and current.