Use this migration measure when origins, destinations, reference periods, and the distinction between moves, movers, stocks, and flows are explicit.

Streams

Square matrix whose rows are origins and columns are destinations.

EM

Effectiveness index between zero and one; higher values signal more one-sided flows.

Migration estimates are sensitive to boundary changes, return moves, duration thresholds, missing origin-destination cells, and whether the source records residence, birthplace, or events.

Compare flow-based estimates with residence or birthplace stocks and, where possible, an independent residual method. Gross inflows and outflows reveal movement that a net balance alone conceals.

• Census Survival Migration Estimate

  Estimate intercensal net migration for an age cohort as the observed cohort at the second census minus the survivors implied by applying a national life-table census survival ratio to the first-census cohort.

• Residual Vital Statistics Net Migration

  Estimate net migration by the vital-statistics residual method as P2 - P1 - B + D over the intercensal period.

• Return Migration Proportion Lookup

  Compute the proportion of in-migration to a place that consists of former residents moving back, as return migrants per hundred total in-migrants.