Use this sociology calculation to reproduce a named demographic, inequality, mobility, urban, or survey measure when the population, period, categories, and coding rules are explicit.

Bottom to bottom

Required integer. Cases starting and ending in the bottom class.

Bottom to top

Required integer. Cases rising from the bottom to the top class.

Top to bottom

Required integer. Cases falling from the top to the bottom class.

Top to top

Required integer. Cases starting and ending in the top class.

The cited overview of Sociology supplies background for the terminology and domain context used by this tool.^[1]

Quantify class inheritance with the odds ratio comparing top-origin sons staying on top against bottom-origin sons rising. Inputs are interpreted exactly in the displayed units and the calculation returns the following fields without presentation rounding.

Reproduction odds ratio

Returned number. Odds ratio; values above one indicate stronger reproduction than exchange.

• Definitions, sampling error, missing data, historical context, geographic boundaries, weighting, and classification choices can materially change social indicators and their interpretation.
• Bottom to bottom must be at least 0.
• Bottom to top must be at least 0.
• Top to bottom must be at least 0.
• Top to top must be at least 0.
• Use finite inputs in the displayed units, preserve source measurements and assumptions, and independently verify consequential decisions.

Report the source population and uncertainty, inspect disaggregated data, and compare multiple accepted indicators rather than treating one summary statistic as a complete social explanation.

• Glass Social Fluidity Index Calculator

  Compute the cross-product association odds ratio for a two-by-two mobility table; larger values indicate stronger class persistence and therefore less social fluidity.

• Gibrat Growth Law Checker

  Test Gibrat's law of proportional growth by comparing average growth rates of large and small units against a tolerance.

• Replacement-Level Fertility Checker

  Check a total fertility rate against the conventional 2.1-birth benchmark used for low-mortality populations; the actual replacement rate varies with mortality and sex ratio at birth.