Use this palaeographic utility to apply a stated dating, script, abbreviation, codicological, metrological, layout, or condition rule consistently while preparing manuscripts for scholarly review.

Expected leaves

Leaf count of the intact codex or quire.

Present leaves

Folio numbers still present (any order).

Compare surviving folio numbers against the expected quire total and report exactly which leaves are missing, how many, and their consecutive runs as a compact gap summary. The tool evaluates the supplied inputs together and returns the named outputs below; it does not infer omitted operating conditions or change the units shown.^[1]

Missing leaves

Sorted numbers of the missing leaves.

Missing count

How many leaves are missing.

Gap summary

Comma-separated runs such as '3-4,7'.

• Script and manuscript evidence varies by language, region, institution, period, scribe, material, restoration, and cataloguing convention. A heuristic flag or score is not an authoritative date, hand attribution, reading, provenance, or conservation diagnosis.
• Use finite inputs in the displayed units and preserve more precision than the final presentation requires. Independently verify safety-critical, financial, compliance, or production decisions.

Retain page images, scale, foliation, material, provenance, diplomatic transcription, uncertainty, and comparison exemplars; confirm conclusions with codicological context and specialist judgment.

• Grain Hair/Folio Mapper

  Map which folios of a quire show hair or flesh on their rectos under your declared nesting model (uniform rectos of one chosen skin, or alternating so each opening pairs identical skins), as exact leaf lists.

• Collation Formula Builder

  Build a collation formula from a list of per-quire leaf counts as Roman-numbered terms joined by plus signs and total the exact leaf, bifolium and page counts.

• Hand Count Cluster Variance

  Test whether proposed hands are plausibly distinct under the stated rule: report the population variance and coefficient of variation of the per-hand means, the smallest gap between neighbouring means divided by the pooled within-hand standard deviation, and treat gaps of at least two standard deviations as distinct hands.